120 Final- CHEM Exam Study-Guide
120 Final- CHEM Exam Study
120 Final- CHEM Exam Study-Guide
Areas Covered
Terms:
... [Show More] A)
Metabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism
Monosaccharide (Carbohydrate
Disaccharide:
Polysaccharides
Terms: B)
Lipids
Lipid family include
Fatty acids
Saturated fatty acid
Monounsaturated fatty acid
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Terms: C)
Protein
Primary Structure of a protein
Secondary Structure of a protein
Tertiary structure
*Globular Structure of a protein
Terms: D)
Enzymes
Coenzyme (non-protein)
Terms: E)
Transcription
Translation
Replication
DNA
RNA
Terms: F)
Cell membrane
Chloroplast
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Terms: G)
Addition polymer
Condensation polymer
Thermoplastic polymers
Thermosetting resins
Polymer/ Monomer
Vulcanization
TERMS A
Metabolism: Chemical reactions that keep cells alive.
Divided into 2 classes:
Anabolism: Process of building up, or synthesizing, the molecules of living systems.
&
Catabolism: Degrading of molecules to provide energy.
Monosaccharide (Carbohydrate): Sugar & sweet tasting carbohydrates. Simplest Sugars. Cannot be hydrolyzed.
Types:
-Glucose, galactose (Lactose, sugar in milk), fructose (Fruit sugar).
-Glucose & galactose= aldoses
-Fructose= Ketose
Disaccharide: A carbohydrate whose molecules can hydrolyze to yield two monosaccharide units.
For example,
-Sucrose + H2O glucose & fructose
-Lactose + H2O glucose & galactose
Types:
-Sucrose & Lactose.
Polysaccharides: Composed of large molecule that yield many monosaccharides.
Types:
-Starches- Main energy-storage system of many plants.
-Cellulose- Structural material of plants.
-Animal Starch-Glycogen; found in muscle & liver.
TERMS B
Lipids: Fats. A cellular component that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents of low polarity (like hexane, diethyl ether, chloroform)
-Have solubility properties.
Lipid family include
Fatty acids: Steroids
Types:
-Cholesterol & sex hormones, fat soluble vitamins.
Fats: Are esters of fatty acids & trihydroxy alcohol.
Glycerol + fatty acids A tryglyceride
-Animals fats: rich in saturated fatty acids ( no carbon to carbon double bonds) & smaller proportion of unsaturated fatty acids.
-Oil: high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids than do fats.
***They are both less dense than water & float on it.
Fats are classified by degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acid: Has no carbon-to-carbon double bonds.
Monounsaturated fatty acid: Has one carbon-to-carbon double bonds.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid: Has two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds.
TERMS C
Protein:
Primary Structure of a protein: Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains. Order is written from N- terminal end(Amino) to the C-terminal end (carboxyl)
Secondary Structure of a protein: Polypeptide chains can fold into regular structures like alpha helix & beta pleated sheet.
-Alpha helix: wool hair, hair, & muscle.
-Beta pleated sheet: silk strong & flexible because of hydrogen bonds.
Tertiary structure: The folding of a protein chain into a globular form
*Globular Structure of a protein: Folded into a compact, spherical shape.
TERMS D
Enzymes: Special proteins. Catalysts produced by cells. Important to the function of every living cell.
-Enzymes change the reaction path by a reacting substance called substrate.
-Substrate needs to attach to the active site to form an enzyme- substrate complex. Shape of the active site can change somewhat to fit a substrate.
-Enzymes consist entirely of protein chains.
-A cofactor, is necessary for proper function of the enzyme (In some)
Types:
-Metal ion- Zinc, manganese, magnesium, iron, copper.
-Organic cofactor: Coenzyme (non-protein). Are vitamins or derived from vitamin molecules.
-Apoenzyme: Pure protein part of an enzyme.
-Coenzyme(Nonprotein; inactive) + Apoenzyme (Protein;inactive) enzyme (active)
TERMS E
Transcription: DNA to mRNA
Translation: mRNA to protein. Anticodon found in tRNA.
Replication: Copying or duplicating of DNA molecules.
DNA: A-T; C-G. Double helix.
RNA: Single str& of nucleic acids. Use “U” instead of “T”. A-U; C-G
-20 amino acids & 64 codons.
AUG-Start
TERMS F
Cell membrane: Gains nutrients & gets rid of waste.
Chloroplast: (Not in animals) Energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy, which is stored in the plant in the form of carbohydrates.
Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
Nucleus: Contains the material that controls heredity.
Mitochondria: Cell’s “batteries”. Where energy is produced.
-Animal cells do not have a cell wall.
-Plant cell have a wall made of cellulose.
TERMS G
Addition polymer: Production contains all atoms of a monomer
Condensation polymer: Do not contain all atoms of a monomer. Small molecules like HCl, NH3, H20 split out as a by-product in the synthesis reaction.
Thermoplastic polymers: can be softened by heat & pressure & be reshaped. This is because the molecules can slide past one another when heat & pressure are applied.
Thermosetting resins are hardened permanently when formed. This is because polymers are cross-linking during synthesis.
Polymer/ Monomer:
-A polymer is a very long/large molecule made of many smaller ones
-Monomers are building blocks of polymer
-Monomers combine in the process of polymerization to form a polymer
-Many polymers occur naturally but many other are synthetic.
Vulcanization: (Cross- Linking) Natural rubber is soft & tacky when hot. It can be made harder (vulcanization) by reaction with sulfur. Sulfur atoms cross-link the hydrocarbon chains side-to-side. [Show Less]