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WALDEN UNIVERSITY| COMPREHENSIVE ATI TEAS:TESTBANK 300+QUESTIONS,PRACTICE QUESTIONS,SCIENCE \READING NOTES,HUMAN ANATOMY,MATHS PREP EXAMS
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SCIENCE :ATI TEAS
SCIENCE :ATI TEAS Which of the following questions is the student investigating? What effect do different concentration of solute have on freezing point... [Show More] Which of the following body systems breaks down protein into Amino Acids? Digestive Which structure in male reproductive system secretes fluid and protects sperm? Prostate gland Which of the following describes the function of a Neuron? Transmits Sensory Information Which occurs during Thermoregulation to Increase body temperature Body shivers Which of the following hormones increases the heart rate in response to stress? Epinephrine Which of the following cells has the ability to engulf other cells? Macrophages While playing Basketball, a player injures her achilles tendon? Which tissue is injured? Connective Tissue NAD+2e- + H+ > NADH which describes the reaction above? Reduction of NAD Which of the following processes causes most of the carbon dioxide from the to move into Alveoli? Diffusion Where does Aerobic Respiration occur? Mitochondria Which of the following is the Sphincter muscle that regulates movement of Chyme? Pyloric Sphincter Blood clotting involves Which of the following? Fibrinogen Which of the following types of membrane is associated with the skin? Cutaneous Which of the following types of bonds link base pair Nucleotide within a double strand of DNA? Hydrogen [Show Less]
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Exam ATI TEAS 7 TEST BANK 300 PLUS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2022
ATI TEAS 7 Exam Test Bank 300 Questions with Answers 1. How are carbohydrates used by the body? Choose ALL answers that apply. • structure • Commu... [Show More] nication • storage • Recognition 2. What type of immunity does a vaccine provide? Choose only ONE best answer. • naturally acquired passive immunity • Artificially acquired passive immunity • Naturally acquired active immunity • Artificially acquired active immunity 3. Which organs and/or glands are superior to the liver? Choose ALL answers that apply. • Lungs • Parathyroid gland • Kidneys • Thymus 4. Which cavity contains all of the frontal cavities? Choose only ONE best answer. • Dorsal • Thoracic • Abdominopelvic • Ventral 5. Which of the following carry oxygenated blood? Choose ALL answers that apply. • Pulmonary artery • Pulmonary vein • Aorta • Superior vena cava 6. Which of the following are disaccharides? Choose ALL answers that apply. • Sucrose • Glucose • Cellulose • Lactose 7. Which body system is responsible for the transport of dissolved oxygen from the lungs tothe spleen? • Immune • Endocrine • Respiratory • Cardiovascular 8. Which condition can lead to blood clots and stroke? • Aneurysm • Arrhythmia • Asthma • Hypertension 9. A botanist wants to determine if environmental temperature affects root growth. In her experiment, she creates 4 rooms at temperatures that vary by 5 degrees F. Each room gets20 seedlings of the same species, which she grows on agar plates for 60 days. Once a day,she measures the length of each seedling's root. At the end of 60 days, she compares the length of the roots with the room temperature. She finds the room with the lowest temperature produced the longest roots. What is the independent variable in this study? • Temperature • Seedlings • Light • Root length 10. Which of the following can act as enzymes in the body? • Globular proteins • Lipase • Amylase • Glucagon 11. Which of the following is the carbohydrate monomer? • Disaccharide • Lactose • Monosaccharide • Thymine 12. Which of the following are true about water? • Water has polar covalent bonds. • Water has a neutral pH of 7. • Water has a low specific heat capacity. • Water as a solid is less dense than water as a liquid. [Show Less]
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ATI TEAS 7 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
ATI TEAS 7 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 1) Chemical bonding – a. Uses electrons that are closest to the nucleus of the atoms bonding b. Always ... [Show More] uses electrons from only of the atoms involved c. Uses all the electrons in all atoms involved d. Uses the valence electrons of all the atoms involved 2) Which of the following would have the most dramatic effect in changing the reaction rate? a. Decreasing the temperature by two-fold b. Increasing the pressure by two-fold c. Decreasing the activation energy by three-fold d. Decreasing the concentration of reactants by two-fold 3) Group one in the periodic table has valence electrons and is reactive than Group two. a. Zero; more b. Zero; less c. One; less d. One; more 4) Enzymes are created from amino acid chains. As such, what might prevent the action of an enzyme? a. A pH close to 7 b. A high temperature c. The lack of hydrogen ions in solution d. A lack of ATP in the cell 5) If a scientists want to determine the rate at which an enzyme works, what could he or she measure? a. The rate at which the enzyme is degraded b. The rate at which the product disappears c. The rate at which the reactants disappear d. The rate at which the products appears 6) The rate of a chemical reaction depends on all of the following except a. Surface area b. Temperature c. Presence of catalysts d. Amount of mass lost 7) Which of the answer choices provided best defines the following statement? For a given mass and constant temperature, an inverse relationship exists between the volume and pressure of a gas? a. Boyle’s Law b. Ideal Gas Law c. Charles’ Law d. Stefan-Boltzmann Law 8) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are similar in having which of the following? a. Integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane b. Presence of a nucleus c. Membrane-bound organelles d. Protein-studded DNA 9) Blood cells that are responsible for transportation of oxygen are called a. Leukocytes b. Thrombocyte s c. Erythrocytes d. Plasma cells 10) What is another name for the Adam’s Apple? a. Vocal box b. Thyroid cartilage c. Cricoid cartilage d. Hyoid bone 11) When exhaling, the diaphragm a. Relaxes b. Contracts c. Moves down and in d. Stays in the same position 12) Which of the following correctly lists the cellular hierarchy from the simplest to most complex structure? a. Tissue, cell, organ, organ system, organism b. Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell c. Organ system, organism, organ, tissue, cell d. Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism 13) If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, what will happen to the cell? a. It does not affect the cell b. It will swill c. It will stay the same d. It will shrink Hypertonic solution is a solution with a higher particle concentration and lower water content outside the cell. Water moves from the cell to the solution, losing water and shrinking. 14) What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? a. Cytokinesi s b. Interphase c. Metaphase d. Mitosis [Show Less]
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ATI TEAS 7: Math Prep (2022)
Which of the following is the number of 3/4 inches stripes of caulk. it would take to complete a lenght of 10 1/2 inches? {ANS} - 14 If the pediatric un... [Show More] it of a hospital has 165 beds, how many rooms are there if each room hold 3 beds? {ANS} - 55 The width of a rectangle is 4 inches (in) and the area of the rectangle is 32 in square. Which of the following represents the length of the triangle {ANS} - 8in Which of the following fractional representations is equivalent to 0.897? {ANS} - 897/1000 which of following is the solution to the equation -9(k-17)=-54 {ANS} - -11 Which of the following correctly rounds the value below to the hundredths place? 1782.96471 {ANS} - 1,782.96 A consumer makes a $400 down payment on television that costs $1,570. Which of the following is the number of months it will take to pay off the television with monthly payments of 100? {ANS} - 12 A class of 28 students has 13 boys and 15 girls. What is the ratio of boys to girls in the class {ANS} - 15:13 Which of the following correctly represents the phrase "five less than a number is greater than twenty {ANS} - 5-x>20 The ratio of the width to the length of a rectangle is 1:3. Which of the following represents a rectangle with an equivalent ratio? {ANS} - 21:63 5/7 - 2/9 simplify the expression above. Which of the following is correct? {ANS} - 31/63 All of the 1,020 students at a local high school must enroll in a foreign language course. If 269 students are enrolled in French, 663 are enrolled in Spanish, and the remaining students are enrolled in german, which of the following is the percent of students enrolled in german?-Round to Nearest whole number {ANS} - 65 An investor owns 50 shares of a stock worth $15.30 per share. Which of the following is the amount of money the investor would receive if he cashed half of the shares of this stock? {ANS} - $765.00 Which of the following is a good estimate of the length of a standard bed pillow {ANS} - 0.5m (½)(10t)=50,000 {ANS} - 10,000 A glass that holds 0.5 liters (L) will hold how many milliliters (ml) {ANS} - 500ml A vertical 1-meter stick casts a shadow of 0.4 meters. if a tree casts a shadow of 12 meters at the same time, how tall is the tree? {ANS} - 13.4 meters Which of the following percentages is the discount of a textbook if the original price is $107.00 and the discount is $62.10? (round to the nearest whole percentage) {ANS} - 45% (3/7),(⅖),(½),(⅓)Using the numbers above, which of the following numbers is the least? {ANS} - 1/3 Which of the following correctly rounds the value below to the hundredths place?1782.96471 {ANS} - 1,782.96 Five hundred forty-eight runners participated in a recent race.twenty-six runners did not finish the race. Half of those who did not finish completed the race in less than two hours. Which of the following is the number of ru [Show Less]
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ATI TEAS 7 Math 2022/2023
*Which of the following correctly represents the phrase "five less than a number is greater than twenty"? Correct Answer- Let the number of X 5 less than ... [Show More] X should be greater than 20 So, X-5 > 20 X > 25 actually, but please take the above highlighted as the final answer --> X-5 >20 The ratio of the width to the length of a rectangle is 1:3. Which of the following represents a rectangle with an equivalent ratio? Correct Answer- The ratio of the width to the length of a rectangle is given by 1 : 3 multiply by 21 on each side 21 : 63 So, the ratio 21 : 63 is equivalent to the ratio 1 : 3 An employee discovers that 0.0025 of all products predicted at his factory contain defects, which of the following % does this represent? Correct Answer- In percentage that is 0.25% that is equal to 0.25/100 = 0.0025. Simplify the expression above, which one is correct?(2x + 5)(4x-7) Correct Answer- 8x2+6x−35 8) which of the following is the appropriate of measure to use when finding the mass of pencil ? A) kilograms b) meters c) Grams d) centimeter Correct Answer- c) Grams The length of a rectangle is 3 units greater than its width. Which expression would correctly represent the perimeter of the rectangle? a. 2W+2(3W) b. W+W+3 c. 2W+2(W+3) d. W(W+3) Correct Answer- b) w+w+3 The number of bicycles (x) in shop is 4 or more than 3 times the number of snow mobiles (y) . which of the following equation symbolically represents the number of bicycles in terms of the number of snowmobiles ? a) y=3y÷4 B)x=4y÷3 c)x+4=3y D)x=y÷4 Correct Answer- c) x+4=3y Which of the following is correct comparison of two rational numbers? Correct Answer- 0.6>4/7 A vertical meter stick casts a shadow of 0.4 meters. If a tree casts a shadow of 12 meters at the same time, how tall is the tree? Correct Answer- x=30 meters Which of the following point of fraction with a common denominator are equivalent to 1/4 and 2/5? Correct Answer- 5/20, 8/20 The table shows a survey of auto mobile color preference. Which of the following statements about the survey responses is correct? Correct Answer- From the frequency table we can see that frequency for red is 6 and frequency of white is 6 . That is frequency of red or white is 6+6 = 12 That means 12 survey respondent preferred White or Red . This is the correct statement If the pediatric unit of a hospital has 165 beds, how many rooms are there if each room holds 3 beds? Correct Answer- 165/3=55 A student starts working for $12 per hour. After a year he gets a raise and earns $13.50 per hour. Which of the following represents the increase in the students wage? Correct Answer- Starting salary is $ 12 per hour After raise his present salary is $ 13.5 per hour. So increase in wage is (13.5 - 12) = $ 1.5 per hour. Percentage increase in wage is: = $12.50 1.5x100/12=12.5 A student rounds a number to 12.9. Which of the following possible value is the original number? Correct Answer- The most possible value of the original number is 12.939, because on rounding off to the nearest tenths place , 12.939 gives 12.9 Which of the following percentages is equivalent to 31/50 (round to two decimal places). a. 1.61% b. 16.13% c. 62.00% d. 0.62% Correct Answer- d) 0.62% A patient drives 19 miles one way to medical facility for treatment. How far does the patient drive round trip in 22 days of treatment? Correct Answer- Total distance per day =2x19=38 miles Total 22 days of treatment =38x22= 836miles Simplify the expression above which of the following is correct? Correct Answer- 4 33/40 As a person cycling increases speed, the rate of calorie burned, distance traveled, and energy expended also increase. Which of the following is the independent variable?Please explain why you chose this answer to better understand. a. Calories b. Energy c. Distance d. Speed Correct Answer- d) speed A child has a bottle full of pennies, nickles, dimes, and quarters. There are twice as many quarters as pennies, four times as many nickles as pennies and five times as many dimes. How many more dimes does the child have than quarters? Correct Answer- 10 times as many Seven more than twice a number is equal to twenty one. Which of the following equations expresses the phrase? Correct Answer- 7 + 2x=21 Simplify the expression 2/7 + 3/5 Correct Answer- 31/35 To determine the insurance premium of a car, an insurance company considers the following determinants: the model of the car , the age of the car, and the mileage of the car. Which of the following is the dependent variable? A.) Mileage B.) Age c.) Insurance premium D.) Model Correct Answer- c) Insurance premium A bakery sells three batches of muffins. On a recent morning, the bakery sold 41 blueberry muffins, 27 bananna nut muffins, and 20 bran muffins. Estimate the total muffins sold. Correct Answer- Total number of muffins Sold = 41 blueberry + 27 banana nut + 20 bran muffins. Which is equal to 41+27+20 = 88 Total number of muffins sold = 88 Consumer answered a survey question about which type of frozen dessert they preferred: surbet, sherbet, frozen custard, frozen yogurt or ice cream. The results shown in the graph above display the first 1,000 responses. Correct Answer- Answer is 450 A 12 2/4 door board is cut into 4 equal parts. Each part is then divided in half. Which of the following measurement is the final length of each? Correct Answer- 1 19/32 A width of a rectangle is 4 inches and the area of a rectangle is 32 in ^2. Which of the following represents the length of the rectangle? Correct Answer- 8 in At the beginning of the month, a consumer had$437.52 in his bank account. During the month he made deposits of $256 and $217.14 and withdrawal of $80 and wrote checks for $115.98, 28 and $108.50. Which of the following is left? Correct Answer- $578.18 A bucket can hold 3 L. How many mL can the bucket hold? Correct Answer- 3x1,000= 3,000 A consumer shops for a sofa. The store is having a 20% sale of all furniture. What is the discount before taxes of a sofa that is originally $510? Correct Answer- 510x0.20= 102 510-102= 408 A family wants to make a 20% downpayment on a house that costs $200,000, which of the amount is the downpayment? Correct Answer- 200,000x0.20= 40,000 A home improvement is store is selling lawn chairs. There are 520 chairs in the inventory of those 2/5 are green. Find the number of green chairs in the inventory. Correct Answer- Total number of chairs in the inventory = 520 Given, 2/5 chairs are green, so, The number of chairs that are green = ×520 = 2×104 =208 Which of the following is the number of 3/4 inch strips of caulk it will take to completely cover a length 10 1/2 inches? A. 14 B.9 3/4 C.8 D.7 7/8 Correct Answer- a) 14 Capital City Chargers Points Per Game Graph 1995 Ross-2015Which of the following statements is true about the graph above? Correct Answer- The chargers had the greatest increase of points per game between 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 scores Simplify the expression (x+3)(2x^2-3x+4) Correct Answer- 2x3+3x2−5x+12 Each month, an employee withholds $468 from her gross paycheck of $2,350. Which of the following is her annual net salary? Correct Answer- $2,350-$468= $1,882 $1,882X12= $22,584 A driver uses 33.5 gallons of gas to drive from the ground canyon to the golden gate bridge, a distance of 787.25 miles. how many gallons of gas would the driver need to drive from the golden gate bridge to Yosemite national park a distance of 170.61miles? Correct Answer- 7.26 gallon of gas is required for the driver to drive from the Golden Gate Bridge to Yosemite national park. (170.61 miles). [Show Less]
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ATI TEAS 7 READING 2022; 47 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
ATI TEAS 7 READING 2022; 47 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS To: Do Wranglers From: Sara Mosher Re: Tuxedos and Tails Gala This Saturday is the yearly event we hav... [Show More] e all been waiting for, the rescue's biggest fundraising event of the year! Please be sure to read the e-mails you received 2 weeks ago with all the information about where to meet, what time, and what to wear. In addition, please arrive twenty minutes prior to your assigned time to pick up your name tags, box dinner, water bottle, and goody bag for your assigned dog. Which of the following parts of a memo is missing from the Dog Wranglers memo? A. The recipient of the memo B. The date of the memo C. The subject of the memo D. The author of the memo -Answer- B. The date of the memo It is important for memorandums to include the author, the recipient, the date, and a subject line at the top of the memo. To: Do Wranglers From: Sara Mosher Re: Tuxedos and Tails Gala This Saturday is the yearly event we have all been waiting for, the rescue's biggest fundraising event of the year! Please be sure to read the e-mails you received 2 weeks ago with all the information about where to meet, what time, and what to wear. In addition, please arrive twenty minutes prior to your assigned time to pick up your name tags, box dinner, water bottle, and goody bag for your assigned dog. Based on the content of the memorandum, when did Sara Mosher send this memo about the Tuxedos and Tails Gala? A. Before sending official invitations to the gala B. The week before the gala C. The day of the gala D. Before selecting dog wranglers to staff the gala -Answer- B. The week before the gala The memo states that the Tuxedos and Tails Gala is "this Saturday," implying that it was sent during the week before the event. The day began when my watch beeped at 4:30 a.m. The alarm was supposed to sound at 7:30, but I had forgotten to change the time back to my time zone after my last business trip in Boston. It was a struggle to stay awake for everything I needed to get done. First, I groggily showered, washed my hair, and blow dried it. Then, I kept yawning while I got dressed, but before I got dressed I had to iron my silky blouse. Next, I finally got to have my hot coffee while I styled my hair and put on my makeup. Finally, I was wide awake and at my bus stop ten minutes early so I could arrive at my audition on time. Which of the following actions did the protagonist of the passage perform first? A. Shower B. Iron her blouse C. Change the time on her watch to 7:30 D. Have a hot cup of coffee -Answer- A. Shower The passage states, "First, I groggily showered." The day began when my watch beeped at 4:30 a.m. The alarm was supposed to sound at 7:30, but I had forgotten to change the time back to my time zone after my last business trip in Boston. It was a struggle to stay awake for everything I needed to get done. First, I groggily showered, washed my hair, and blow dried it. Then, I kept yawning while I got dressed, but before I got dressed I had to iron my silky blouse. Next, I finally got to have my hot coffee while I styled my hair and put on my makeup. Finally, I was wide awake and at my bus stop ten minutes early so I could arrive at my audition on time. Which of the following logical conclusions can be made about the protagonist in this passage? A. She normally gets up at 4:30 a.m. every morning B. She is a professional performer C. She does not like the taste of coffee D. She lives in Boston -Answer- B. She is a professional performer The passage states that she is going to an audition, which is something only performers do. The day began when my watch beeped at 4:30 a.m. The alarm was supposed to sound at 7:30, but I had forgotten to change the time back to my time zone after my last business trip in Boston. It was a struggle to stay awake for everything I needed to get done. First, I groggily showered, washed my hair, and blow dried it. Then, I kept yawning while I got dressed, but before I got dressed I had to iron my silky blouse. Next, I finally got to have my hot coffee while I styled my hair and put on my makeup. Finally, I was wide awake and at my bus stop ten minutes early so I could arrive at my audition on time. Which of the following inferences can the reader logically make after reading this passage? A. The protagonist does not care about this audition B. Waking up at 4:30 a.m. is easy for the protagonist C. The bus usually runs late D. Appearance is important when going to an audition -Answer- D. Appearance is important when going to an audition The passage details that she makes sure to wear nice clothes, showers, styles her hair, and does her makeup before going to the audition. Bigfoot: The Big Fake Which of the following sentences presents the topic in this passage? A. "The myth of Bigfoot has persisted throughout American history." B. "Bigfoot is a myth that has been perpetuated by false sighting claims made by people seeking attention and sensationalized media." C. "There have been thousands of reported sighting of Bigfoot all over the United States throughout the years." D. "With only unreliable evidence to support the story, the popular story of Bigfoot definitely has more than a few holes in it." -Answer- B. "Bigfoot is a myth that has been perpetuated by false sighting claims made by people seeking attention and sensationalized media." This sentence presents that the author's topic for this passage is that the myth of Bigfoot has been kept alive through fake sightings and the popular media. Bigfoot: The Big Fake Which of the following sentences includes a supporting detail for the statement, "The existence of these types of media cause a resurgence in the myth's popularity every few years or so, keeping the myth alive"? A. "This blog has over 1 million followers with more subscribing every day." B. "A variety of representations of Bigfoot have been created, from cartoons to film to books." C. "There have been thousands of reported sightings of Bigfoot all over the United States throughout the years." D. "Instead of declaring the impossibility of Bigfoot, modern media has actually embraces Bigfoot as a commodity." -Answer- A. "This blog has over 1 million followers with more subscribing every day." This sentence includes information about the significant amount of people that view a popular blog about Bigfoot. This supports the statement that media, like this blog, is keeping the Bigfoot myth popular and alive. Bigfoot: The Big Fake In the passage, the author states that there are "false sighting claims" of people seeing Bigfoot. Which of the following pieces of evidence from the passage supports this claim? A. There have been no documented scientific sightings of Bigfoot throughout history B. The video of Bigfoot recorded by Gil McGee was proven to be a stranger in a bear suit C. The blog "What's New with Bigfoot?" showcases a representation of Big [Show Less]
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ATI TEAS 6 EXAM STUDY GUIDE Science
ATI TEAS 6 EXAM STUDY GUIDE Science Cell ➢ Cell: basic organizational unit of all living things. One thing in common is they all have membranes (phosp... [Show More] holipids). ➢ Cell structure organization: All cells contain DNA, and RNA & can synthesize proteins. Consists of nucleic acids, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. o Tissues: Cells that are grouped together o Organs: Tissues that are grouped together o Systems: Organs that are grouped together o Organism: A complete individual ➢ Nuclear parts of a cell o Nucleus: contains chromosomes, & regulates DNA of the cell. Defining structure of eukaryotic cells (they all have nucleus). Passes genetic traits between generations. Contains nuclear envelop, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, & ribosomes. o Chromosomes: thread like rods of DNA. Short deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is the genetic material that stores information about the plant/animal. o Chromatin: DNA & Protein makeup chromosomes o Nucleolus: Proteins, small/round doesn’t have membrane. Protein synthesis, synthesizes & stores RNA. o Nuclear envelope: Encloses structures within nucleus. Made of lipids. o Nuclear pores: Exchange materials between the nucleus * cytoplasm o Nucleoplasm: Liquid like cytoplasm, within nucleus. Cell Membranes ➢ Cell Membrane (Plasma membrane): Semipermeable membrane of lipids and proteins. Made of phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic ends of the outer layer facing the external environment, the inner layer facing inside the cell, hydrophobic ends facing each other. o Hydrophilic: Water loving, can dissolve water o Hydrophobic: Hates water, can’t dissolve water ➢ Selective Permeability o Selective Permeability with regards to size, charge, and solubility. ➢ Cell structure o Ribosomes: synthesize proteins from amino acids. o Golgi apparatus: synthesize materials like proteins that are transported out of the cell. Near nucleus & consists of layers of membranes. o Vacuoles: Sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal. One large in plant cells/ Animal cells are small or have numerous. o Vesicle: Has membrane, & can move materials within the cell. o Cytoskeleton: Microtubules that shape and support the cell. o Microtubules: Part of cytoskeleton & help support cell. Made of protein. o Cytosol: Liquid material within the cell. Mostly water & had floating materials. o Cytoplasm: Cytosol & organelles found within the plasma membrane, not within nucleus! o Cell membrane: Barrier that keeps materials out of cell. Determines what’s allowed in and out. o Rough Endoplasmic reticulum: Ribosomes on the surface, produce & store proteins o Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum: Helps store lipids & proteins. o Mitochondrion: Generate ATP, involved in cell growth & death. Contain their own DNA aside from the one within the nucleus. ▪ Functions: Produce energy, cell signaling, cellular differentiation, cell cycle & growth regulation. Can also have aerobic respiration. ➢ Animal Cell Structure o Centrosome: Mitosis & the cell cycle occur here o Centriole: Cellular division o Lysosome: Digests proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Help remove undigested substances. o Cilia: Appendages that cause a cell to move & can move fluid o Flagella: Tail like structures that help the cell move. A cell usually only has one or a few flagella. Longer than cilia. ➢ Cell Cycle: Cell reproduces, growth cell, duplication of genetic material, and cell division. ➢ Cell Differentiation: Helps determine the cell type for each cell, process is controlled by genes of each cell (zygote). Following the directions of the genes, a cell builds certain proteins and other substances to set it apart as a specific type of cell. ➢ Mitosis: DNA replication & Production of new cells ▪ IPMAT=Cytokinesis o Interphase: Cell prepares to divide by replicating genetic & cytoplasmic material. (G1, S, G2) o Prophase: Chromatic thickens & nuclear membrane disintegrates. Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cells, and spindle fibers form. Mitotic spindle, formed cytoskeleton parts, moves chromosomes around the cell. o Metaphase: Spindle moves to the center of the cell. Chromosomes align in the center. o Anaphase: Sister chromosomes begin to pull apart. When separated they’re called daughter chromosomes. Grooves appear in the cell. Cell begins to furrow. o Telophase: Spindle disintegrates, nuclear membrane reform, and chromosomes turn into chromatin. In animal cells membrane is pinched, in plant cell a new cell wall begins to form. Splits into two. o Cytokinesis: Physical splitting of the cell. Meiosis: Reproduction of gametes zygote o Prophase I: Parent cell's nuclear membrane begins to disappear, spindles form o Metaphase I: Chromosomes line up with homogonous chromosomes. Crossing over may occur o Anaphase I: Homogonous chromosomes are separated, so one of each goes to either side o Telophase I: Cell separates, cytokinesis occurs o Prophase II: Almost simultaneous with Telaphase I; new spindles form and attach to centromeres o Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up again, and some crossing over may occur o Anaphase II: Sister chromatids pulled apart at centromeres, towards poles o Telophase II: Cell separates, nuclear membranes form, cytokinesis occurs o Interphase: Diploid sex cells have double the normal chromosomes necessary Tissues ➢ Categories of Tissues o Epithelial: Cells are tightly joined. Ex. Skin o Connective: May be dense, loose, or fatty. Protects and binds body parts. Ex. Bone tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood, and lymph. o Cartilage: Cushions & provides structural support for body parts. Jelly like base and fibrous. o Blood: Blood transports oxygen to cells and removes wastes. Carries hormones and defends against diseases. o Bone: Hard tissue that supports and protects softer tissues & organs. Marrow produces red blood cells. o Muscle: Helps support and move the body. ▪ 1. Smooth ▪ Cardiac ▪ Skeletal o Nervous: Located inside the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Neurons form network through the body that control responses to changes in the external and internal environment. Some send signals to muscles and glands to trigger responses. Organs ➢ Mammals 1 organ systems 1) Integumentary system 2) Respiratory system 3) Cardiovascular system [Show Less]
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ATI TEAS 6 - Science (Human Anatomy and Physiology|SCIENCE|READING
ATI TEAS 6 - Science (Human Anatomy and Physiology) Hierarchy of Structures Lowest Hierarchy level is at Organelles within a cell. They obtain ener... [Show More] gy from food and reproduction. -Cells with the same function are collected into larger groups called Tissues. -Tissues are collected into Organs, carry out single task, like oxygenated blood (lungs), or filter out waste (kidneys). -Organs work together in systems that perform coordinated large-scale functions, like nourishing the body (digestive) or protecting the body from attacks (immune). Cell Parts Organelles: Cell parts that function within a cell. They coordinate with other organelles to performs a cell's basic function, like energy processing and waste excretion. ~Examples: Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, The Nucleus. The Nucleus -Nucleus: Small structure that contains Chromosomes and Regulates the DNA of a cell. Defining structure of eukaryotic cells. It is responsible for the passing on of genetic traits between generations. -Contains: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, a nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, and ribosomes. Chromosomes Highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA. DNA is genetic material that stores information about the plant or animal. Chromatin Consists of the DNA and Proteins that make up chromosomes. Nucleolus Structure contained within the nucleus, consists of proteins. Small, Round, and does not have a membrane. Involved in protein synthesis, and synthesizes and stores RNA. Nuclear Envelope Encloses the nucleus. Consists of inner and outer membranes made of lipids. Nuclear Pores Involved in exchange of material between nucleus and the cytoplasm. Nucleoplasm Liquid within the membrane and is similar to cytoplasm. Cell Membrane "Plasma Membrane" -Made of Lipids and Proteins -Isolates the cell from its external environment while still enabling the cellar to communicate with the outside environment. -Consists: Phospholipid bilayer with the hydrophilic ends of the outer layer facing external environment. ~Cholesterol: Adds stiffness and flexibility ~Glycolipids: Help cell to recognize other cells of the organisms. ~Proteins: Help give cells shape ~Special Proteins: Helps cell communicate with external environment. ~Other Proteins: Transport molecules across membrane Selective Permeability With regard to size, charge, and solubility. -Size: Membrane allows small molecules to diffuse through it. Oxygen and Water molecules are small and can pass through the cells membrane. -Charge: Ions on a cells surface either attracts or repels ions. Ions with like charges are repelled, and ions with opposite charges are attracted to the surface. -Solubility: Molecules that are soluble in phospholipids can usually pass through the membrane. Many are not able to diffuse the membrane, and if anything they'll have to be moved through by active transport and vesicles Cell Structures Inside the cell. Contain: Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Vacuoles, Vesicles, Cytoskeleton, Microtubules, Cytosol, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria Ribosomes Involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids. -Make up about a quarter of a cell. -Some are embedded in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) Golgi Apparatus Involved in synthesizing materials like proteins that are transported out of the cell. ~Modifies and Packages proteins secreted from the cell. -Located near the nucleus and has layers of membranes. Vacuoles Sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal. -Plant: Has one large vacuole -Animal: Has small, sometimes numerous vacuoles. Vesicles Small organelle within a cell, has a membrane. -Functions: Moving materials within a cell. Cytoskeleton Consist of microtubules that help shape and support the cell. Microtubules Part of cytoskeleton. -Help support the cell. -Made of proteins Cytosol Liquid materials in the cell. Mostly water, also contains floating molecules. Cytoplasm Refers to Cytosol and the substructures (organelles) found within the plasma membrane, but not within the nucleus. Cell Membrane Acting as a barrier. Helps keep cytoplasm in and substances located outside the cell out. -Helps determine what is allowed to exit and enter. Endoplasmic Reticulum Two Types: -Rough ER: Has ribosomes on surface. ~Functions: Manufacture lysosomal enzymes, Manufacture of secreted proteins. (Protein production, protein folding, quality control, and despatch) -Smooth ER: Has no ribosomes. ~Functions: Manufacture Lipids (fat), Metabolism, Steroid Hormone production (adrenal cortex and endocrine glands), Helps liver detox. -Tubular Network that comprises the transport system of a cell. It is fused to the nuclear membrane and extendsthrough cytoplasm to the cell membrane. Mitochondria Vary in terms of size and quantity. Has various functions. -Functions: Production of Cell Energy (ATP) (Main function), Cell Signaling (Communications are carried out), Cell Differentiation (Cell transforms into a cell with more specialized purpose), Cell Cycle and Growth Regulation (Growth and Death, Reproduction). -Inner and Outer membrane: ~Inner: Encloses the matrix. Contains mtDNA and ribosomes. ~Between the 2 Membranes: Cristae (Folds). Chemical reactions occur here that release energy, Control Water Levels in cells, and Recycle and Create Proteins and Fats. -Aerobic Respiration: Occurs in Mitochondria. Animal Cell Structure Contains: Centrosomes, Centriole, Lysosome, Cilia, Flagella Centrosome Pair of centrioles located at right angles to each other and surrounded by protein. -Involved in Mitosis and Cell Cycle Centriole Cylinder-shaped structures near the nucleus. -Involved in Cellular Division -Each cylinder consist of 9 Groups of 3 Microtubules. Occurs in pairs. Lysosome -Functions: Digest proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Also transports undigested substances to the membrane do they can be removed. Shape depends on material being transported. Cilia Appendages extending from the surface of the cell. -Moves the cell and results in fluid being moved by the cell. Flagella Tail-like structures on cell that use whip-likemovements to help move the cell. Longer than Cilia. Only has one or a few flagella. Cell Cycle The process by which a cell reproduces which involves cell growth, duplication of genetic material, and cell division. -Complex organisms: Use the cell cycle to replacecells as they lose their functionality and wear out. -In Animals: Cell Cycle can take 24 hours. -Human Skin Cells: Constantly reproducing. -2 Ways for Cell Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis Cell differentiation Determines the different cell types -When less-specialized cell becomes a more-specialized cell. Process is controlled by genes of each cell among a group of cells known as a zygote. -Cell builds certain proteins and other pieces that set it apart as a specific type of cell. ~Example: Gastrulation (early phase in embryonic development in animals) Mitosis Events that occur: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis. Interphase Cell prepares for division by replicating its genetic and cytoplasmic material. -Further divided into G1, S, G2 (Meiosis) Prophase -Chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate. -Pairs of Centrioles move to opposite sides and spindle fibers begins to form. -Mitotic Spindle moves chromosomes around wishing the cell. Metaphase Spindle moves to the center of the cell and chromosome pairs align along the center of the spindle structure. Anaphase Pair of chromosomes, sisters, begin to pull apart and may bend. When they separate, they are called daughters. Grooves then appear in cell membrane. Telophase Spindle disintegrates, nuclear membranes reform, and the chromosome revert to chromatin. -Animals Cells: Membrane is pinched -Plant Cells: New cell wall begins to form Cytokinesis Physical splitting of the cell into two cells - Some believe it occurs following telophase, others say it occurs from anaphase, as the cell begins to furrow, through telophase, when cell actually splits into two. Meiosis Same phased as Mitosis, except it happens twice and differentevent occur during some phases. -First Phase: Interphase(1), Prophase(1), Metaphase(1), Anaphase(1), Telophase(1), and Cytokinesis(1) -Second Phase: Prophase(2), Metaphase(2), Anaphase(2), Telophase(2), and Cytokinesis(2). Interphase(1) Divided into 3 Parts: -G1 Phase: Cell synthesizes proteins, including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1, each of the chromosomes consists of a single linear molecule of DNA. -S Phase: The genetic material is replicated; each of the cell's chromosomes duplicates to become two identical sister chromatids attached at a centromere. -G2 Phase: DNA Replication Prophase(1) Longest Phase -Chromosomes cross over, Genetic material is exchanged, and te trades of four chromatids are formed. Nuclear membrane dissolves/breaks down. Metaphase(1) Pair of homologous chromosomes move along the metaphase plate. Anaphase(1) Microtubules shorten, and homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and travel to different poles. Telophase(1) and Cytokinesis(1) Pairs arrives at poles and cell is pinched apart, separating into two cells. Prophase(2) Disappearance of the nucleoli and the nuclear envelope again as well as the shortening and thickening of the chromatids. Centrosomes move to the polar regions and arrange spindle fibers for the second meiotic division. Metaphase (2) Centromeres contain two kinetochores (pulls the chromosomes to the poles) that attach to spindle fibers from the centrosomes at opposite poles. Anaphase (2) Remaining centromeric cohesion is cleaved allowing the sister chromatids to segregate. The sister chromatids by convention are now called sister chromosomes as they move toward opposing poles. Telophase (2) and Cytokinesis(2) Marked by decompensation and lengthening of the chromosomes and the disassembly of the spindle. Nuclear envelopes reform and cleavage or cell plate formation eventually produces a total of four daughter cells, each with a haploid set of chromosomes. Tissues Groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function -Grouped into 4 broad categories: Muscle (Body Movement), Nerve (Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerves), Epithelial (Layers of Skin/Membranes), and Connective Tissue (Bone tissue, Cartilage, Tendons, Ligaments, Fat, Blood, and Lymph). ~Includes: Epithelial, Connecting, Cartilage, Blood, Bone, Muscle, and Nervous. Epithelial Tissue Cells are joined together tightly -Example: Skin Tissue Connective Tissue May be dense, loose, or fatty. -It protects and binds body parts. Cartilage Tissue Cushions and provides structural support for body parts. - Jelly-Like base and is fibrous Blood Transports Oxygen to cells and Removes wastes. -Carries hormones and Defends against disease. Bone Tissue Hard tissue that supports and protects softer tissues and organs. -Marrow produces RBC -Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Helps support and move the body. -3 Types: ~Smooth: Provides tension in the blood vessels, control pupil dilation, and aid in peristalsis. ~Cardiac: Only found in the heart ~Skeletal: Includes the muscles commonly called biceps, triceps, hamstrings, and quadriceps. Nervous Tissue Neurons form a network through the body that control responses to change in the external and internal environment. Some send signals to muscles and glands to trigger responses. -Located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves 3 Primary Body Planes -Transverse Plane (Horizontal): Divides the patient's body into upper and lower halves. -Sagittal Plane (Vertical): Divides the body, or any body part, into right and left sections. Runs parallel to the midline of the body. -Coronal Plane (Vertical/Frontal): Divides the body, or any body part, into front and back. Runs through the body at right angles. Terms of Direction -Medial: Towards the mid-line, Middle, Away from the side. ~Example: The little finger it medial to the thumb. -Lateral: Toward the side, Away from the mid-line. ~Example: Anatomical position, Thumb is lateral to little finger. -Proximal: Structures closer to the center of the body. ~Example: Hip is proximal to the knee. -Distal: Structures further away from center of the body. ~Example: Knee is distal to the hip. -Anterior: Structures in front. -Posterior: Structures behind. -Cephalad/Cephalic: Adverbs meaning towards the head. ~Example: Cranial is the adjective, meaning The Skull. -Caudad: Adverb meaning towards the tail/posterior. ~Example: Caudal is the adjective, meaning The Hindquarters. -Superior: Above, or closer to the head. -Inferior: Below, or closer to the feet. Organs Group of tissues that work together to perform specific functions. Organ Systems Group of organs that work together to perform specific functions. -Includes: Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Gastrointestinal, Nervous, Muscular, Integumentary, Reproductive, Endocrine, Renal/Urinary, Immune, and Skeletal. Respiratory System Structures Upper: nose, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx larynx Lower: trachea, lungs, and bronchial tree (bronchi, bronchial network) Airway - Lined with cilia to remove microbes and debris -Lungs: Bronchial Tree -> lungs -> terminate into alveoli (air sacs) -> gas exchange with blood capillaries Walls of Alveoli allow for the exchange of gases* with the blood capillaries that surround them. Right lung - 3 Lobes Left lung - 2 Lobes -Surrounded by Pleural Membrane (reduce friction) -Muscles: Diaphragm: separates thoracic/abdominal cavities Intercostal: between ribs Respiratory Functions -Supplies body with oxygen and Removes carbon dioxide (occurs in alveoli) -Filters Air: passes through nasal passages -> lungs -Speech: Air -> throat -> through larynx, causing vibrations and producing sound before heading to trachea -Cough: Particles -> nasal passages/airways -> expelled from body -Smell: Chemoreceptors (nasal cavity) respond to airborne chemicals Hyperventilation Increase blood pH during Acidosis (low pH) Slow breathing during Alkalosis (high pH) -Lowers blood pH Breathing Process [Show Less]
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ATI TEAS SCIENCE NOTE Science portion
ATI TEAS SCIENCE NOTE Science portion 1) Which cavities is lined by the connective tissue peritoneum? ⇨ Abdominal Cavity 2) Which hormone th... [Show More] at mediates the fight or flight response? ⇨ Epinephrine 3) Occurs if the epiglottis does not function properly? ⇨ The client coughs because food goes into the trachea. 4) Which of the following composes the ring the support the trachea? ⇨ Hyaline cartilage 5) Which of the following valves of blood from the arteries into the ventricle? ⇨ Semilunar valve (Present in both aorta and pulmonary arteries, prevent blood backflow) Side Note: (Bicuspid, or mitral valve is located between the left atrium and ventricle. Tricuspid valve is between right atrium and ventricles). 6) Which of the following arteries supplies the heart with blood? ⇨ Coronary arteries (Bring oxygenated blood to the heart). 7) Breakdown begins in small intestine? ⇨ Fats 8) Lymphatic Capillaries that absorb fats? ⇨ Lacteals (absorb dietary fat) 9) Occurs to skeletal muscle as a result of acetylcholine released at the neutromuscular junction? ⇨ Contraction Side Note: (Peristalisis is the movement of food through the intestine). *Tube that carry both sperm and urine for release outside the body? ⇨ Urethra Side Note: (Ureter -> Carries urine from kidney to Bladder). (Vas Deferent -> Take sperm from the testis to urethra) *Protein secreted by hair follicles in the integument? ⇨ Keratin * Portion of the brain that integrates nerve signal and hormonal secretions? => Hypothalamus * The region of the kidney that contains the glomerulus of the nephron? => Cortex * Antibody – Secreting cells is triggered to proliferate upon vaccination? => B Lymphocytes Side Note: (Erythrocytes -> Red blood cells, which do not proliferate upon vaccination). *Produces ammonia by deamination in the liver? => Proteins * Smallest region in space where two electrons with opposite spin and paired? => Orbital * Iron being reduced? => 3Fe,2O,3 + CO -> 2Fe,3O,4+CO,2 * Formulas best summarizes a single replacement reaction? => AB+C-> AC+B * Muscle movement has synapses in the spinal cord rather than the brain? => Reflex arc * Structures is responsible for egg production? => Ovaries * Integumentary structures produce sweat? => Sudoriferous gland * Endocrine organs produce insulin? => Pancreas * Structure store urine before excretion? => Bladder * Part of the adult body makes white blood cells? => Bone Marrow * Structure is an irregularly shaped bone? => Vertebrae * Parathyroid is a component of which of the following organ system? => Endocrine * After passing through the stomach food continues into which of the following digestive structures? => Duodenum * Cell are at a higher structural level of organization than molecules. *In which of the following stage of embryological development are the main germ layers (Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) formed? => Gastrula * vaccinations are used to create which of the following types of immunity? => Artificially acquired active immunity. * Tissues is responsible for contractions during peristalsis in the digestive tract? => Smooth Muscle * Which of the following organelles give rough endoplasmic reticulum its signature rough characteristic? => Ribosomes. APPS QUESTION & ANSWER A. The Diameter of an animal cell is around? ⇨ 0.001 to 0.003 B. Which of the following layers of atmosphere is closest to space? ⇨ Thermosphere C. Which of the following is not a part of the eukaryotic cell? ⇨ The bacteria Side Note: (Eukaryotic cell has 3 parts – The cell membrane, cytoplasm and the nucleus). D. What are subatomic particles, found inside an atom’s nucleus? ⇨ Proton and Neutrons E. What are the 4 basic types of tissue? ⇨ Epithelial, Nervous, Connective, and Muscle. F. The hardest form of carbon is what? ⇨ Diamond G. What is the most likely effect if a catalyst is added to a chemical reaction? ⇨ The rate at which the reaction takes place increase. H. Which of the following are the major homeostatic functions of liver? ⇨ Blood clotting and maintenance of osmotic balance of blood, emulsifies fats in the small intestines, Energy storage and use, Supports kidney in waste disposal. I. Mesosomes are basically the internal extensions of the: ⇨ Cell Membranes Side Note: (The invagination of a cell membrane into the cytoplasm results in the formation of mesosomes. Mesosomews can be in the form of vesicles, tubules or lamellae). • Various functions of mesosomes are: ➔ DNA replication ➔ Cell Division ➔ Export of extracellular enzymes ➔ Respiratory enzymes are also present in mesosomes. (The cell wall and capsule are the component of the outer wrapping of the bacteria known as the cell envelope. Cell envelope is the name given to the complexes of layers external to the cell protoplasm). j) The cytoplasmic organelle containing fluid filled tubules for carrying and transporting substance is known as ⇨ Endoplasmic reticulum k) Membrane Transport – The movement of substance in and out of the cell is carried out through: ⇨ Both active transport and passive transport. l) Cytokinesis is: ⇨ The division of the cytoplasm. M) The ultimate end product of glucose breakdown in glycolysis is? ⇨ Pyruvic acid Side Note: (The end product of glucose breakdown in glycolysis is pyruvic acid. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose up to the formation of pyruvic acid). N) An increase in the number of cells, size of cells, tissues, organs, and the body resulting in a single cell becoming a multi cellular complex organism is known as: ⇨ Metabolism Side Note: (Metabolism is the set of life – sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzymes – catalyzed reaction allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments). O) The protection of the internal environment from the harms of fluctuations in the external environment is termed as: ⇨ Homeostasis (The protection of the internal environment from the harm of fluctuations in the external environment is termed as homeostasis. It keeps the internal fluctuations within a narrow range. Hemostasis is a process which causes bleeding to stop and is considered the first step towards wound healing. The process of regulating the gain and loss of water is termed as osmoregulation). P) The majority of energy for most organisms comes from which molecules? ⇨ ATP (Explanation: ATP is the primary energy molecules for most Organisms. It is usually obtained through the breaking of bonds from foods like carbohydrate.) Q) What does one need to do in order to balance the reaction Ca,2 + Cl,2 -> CaCl,2? ⇨ Place a coefficient of 2 before the Cl in the reactants and before the CaCl,2 in the products. R) When an acid is in water, how is it different than a base? ⇨ Acids from hydrogen ions (H+) and bases form hydroxide ions (OH-). S) What does the pH scale measure? ⇨ The concentration of hydrogen ions. T) Which is a substance that has the ability to speed up a chemical reaction? ⇨ A catalyst (Explanation: A catalyst is any substance that can speed up a chemical reaction without changing the reactants in any way. Catalyst lowers the activation energy and allows the reaction to proceed more quickly). U) If an atom is oxidized in a redox reaction, what must happen to the other one in the reaction? [Show Less]
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