Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L
Straighterline Anatomy and Physiology 2 Lab
BIO202L Lab 10Blood and the Heart Worksheet
2023
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Student Name:
Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit):
Pre-Lab Questions:
1. Research the process of erythropoiesis, and explain the role erythropoietin plays. Why is
this a popular “doping” drug for athletes?
Erythropoiesis is the process of red blood cell production in the bone marrow. Erythropoietin
(EPO) is a hormone that stimulates this process, mainly produced in the kidneys in response to
low oxygen levels in the blood. Athletes misuse EPO as a "doping" drug because it increases red
blood cell count, enhancing oxygen delivery to muscles and improving endurance. However,
such use is prohibited and unsafe, as it can lead to severe health risks and potential
complications.
2. How would the hemoglobin content differ in a person living in Philadelphia (Elevation: 39
feet) compared to someone living in Denver (Elevation: 5280 feet)? Why?
The hemoglobin content in a person living in Denver (elevation: 5280 feet) would likely be
higher than that of a person living in Philadelphia (elevation: 39 feet). This is because living at
higher altitudes, such as Denver, leads to lower oxygen levels in the air. In response to the
reduced oxygen availability, the body compensates by producing more hemoglobin, the protein
responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood, to improve oxygen-carrying capacity and
adaptation to the higher altitude conditions.
Experiment 1: Heart Valves and Pumps Table 2: Experimental Observations
Observations (with valve) and mL H2O
Displaced?
Observations (without valve) and mL H2O
Displaced?
When pressure is applied, a smaller volume
of water is displaced.
When pressure is applied, a larger volume of
water is displaced.Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L
Post-Lab Questions
1. What happened when you pressed on the balloon stretched over the jar? What does this
result represent?
Squeezing a balloon against a jar created significant pressure, which pushed the water up the
straw, demonstrating the heart's operation.
2. What structure in this experiment mimics a heart valve?
The stretched portion of the balloon that was cut off after being placed over the jar.
3. How did the valve influence the experimental results? If possible, indicate the difference (in
mL) in water displaced with the valve versus without the valve. Does the valve enhance the
water flow, and why?
The presence of the valve had an impact on the experiment's results due to the increased
pressure inside the canning jar. This higher pressure caused more water to be pushed up intoLab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L
the straw. When the valve was used, the amount of water forced up the straw was 5 mL greater
compared to when the valve was not present. The valve improved water flow by elevating the
pressure inside the jar.
4. What other organs or body systems incorporate valves? How are they used?
The blood vessels possess valves that allow blood to flow in only one direction.Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L
Experiment 2: Effect of Chelation Therapy on Arterial Plaque Levels
Table 3: Eggshell Observations
Day Water Observations 4% EDTA Observations 8% EDTA Observations
1 The eggshell sank to the
bottom.
The eggshell sank to the
bottom but had some
bubbles.
The eggshell sank to the
bottom but with more
bubbles.
2
The shell settled at the
bottom without any
bubbles.
The shell floated with
numerous bubbles
underneath.
The shell floated with even
more bubbles underneath
compared to the 4%.
3
The shell remains at the
bottom, and there are no
bubbles.
The underside of the shell
shows an increased
presence of bubbles.
The underside of the shell
has foam and bubbles.
4
The shell remains at the
bottom, and there are no
bubbles.
The shell has a significant
amount of bubbles and
foam on its underside.
There is an increased
amount of foam, and a few
layers are visible around
the cracks.
5
The shell is still at the
bottom, and there are no
bubbles.
Folds are noticed on the
eggshell, with bubbles
present on the underside.
The shell begins to turn
transparent, and numerous
folds are observed from
the top.
6
The shell remains at the
bottom, and there are no
bubbles.
The underside of the shell
folds in on itself with an
increased amount of foam.
The shell becomes less
white and more
transparent, showing many
folds from the top.
7
The egg shell shows no
changes, but there are
reduced water levels due
to evaporation.
The white eggshell
becomes transparent with
more folds in the middle,
and cracks appear above
the liquid.
The shell becomes almost
fully transparent, losing its
pronounced white color.
8
The water levels are very
low, and there are no
changes to the egg shell.
The shell becomes more
transparent, but there is
still a significant amount of
eggshell material present.
The eggshell becomes
more skinny with
numerous folds and an
indefinite shape.
9 The eggshell still shows no More bubbles are now The eggshell is highlyLab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L
Day Water Observations 4% EDTA Observations 8% EDTA Observations
changes, and the water
level continues to reduce.
visible, and the eggshell
becomes more transparent
and thinner.
folded at the bottom.
10
There are no changes
observed in the eggshell,
and the water level has
reduced.
The bottom of the eggshell
becomes much more
transparent and thinner.
The liquid level is now
below the eggshell.
11
There are no changes
observed in the eggshell,
and the water level
continues to drop.
More bubbles appear on
the eggshell, making it
become more transparent.
The liquid has dropped
below the eggshell.
12
There are no changes
observed in the eggshell,
and the water level
continues to drop.
More bubbles are present
on the eggshell, which
becomes more transparent
and loses its white color.
The eggshell becomes
completely transparent.
13
There are no changes
observed in the eggshell,
and the water level
continues to drop.
The eggshell appears
speckled and less white.
The eggshell now
resembles wet transparent
tissue paper.
14
There are no changes
observed in the eggshell,
and the water levels have
lowered.
The eggshell has become
transparent.
The eggshell now looks like
a transparent, squishy
jellyfish.
Post-Lab Questions
1. Describe the differences you observed between the water beaker, the 4% EDTA beaker, and
the 8% EDTA beaker.
Each of the three beakers exhibited distinct characteristics during the observation. The water
beaker remained unchanged, and the egg experienced minimal and imperceptible alterations.
In the 4% EDTA beaker, the egg's morphology changed significantly, becoming more
transparent and developing numerous bubbles and foam. The egg in the 8% EDTA beakerLab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L
showed comparable changes but began losing its form and becoming less distinguishable due
to increased transparency, foam, and bubbles.
2. Does the beaker without EDTA serve as a positive or negative control? How do you know?
The EDTA-free beaker serves as a negative control in the experiment. Negative controls are
samples treated the same way as other samples but are not expected to change due to any
experimental variable.
3. Research and determine the composition of eggshell. State your findings below, and,
indicate why this composition makes eggshell a good material for EDTA to chelate.
Since an eggshell is primarily composed of calcium carbonate and contains trace amounts of
various minerals like zinc, sodium, potassium, manganese, copper, and iron, it becomes a
suitable material for chelation. Chelation is a process where a chelating agent like EDTA can
bind to and remove heavy metals and certain minerals from the body. Due to the presence of
minerals in the eggshell, EDTA can attach to these elements and facilitate their expulsion from
the body, making it a useful substance for chelation therapy.
4. EDTA is a synthetic amino acid, which the body perceives as a foreign substance. EDTA is
therefore delivered to the kidneys and removed from the body in urine. Explain how this
process also leads to the removal of heavy metals.
When EDTA is introduced into the body, it circulates in the bloodstream and binds to heavy
metals and certain minerals, forming stable complexes. As a synthetic amino acid, EDTA is not
naturally produced by the body, so it is recognized as a foreign substance. The body's defense
mechanisms identify these EDTA-metal complexes as foreign entities and try to eliminate them.
The kidneys play a crucial role in this process by filtering the blood and excreting these
complexes in urine. Through this mechanism, EDTA facilitates the removal of heavy metals and
certain minerals from the body, helping in chelation therapy to address metal toxicity or
mineral imbalances.
5. Based on your results, do you believe chelation therapy would be an effective treatment for
atherosclerosis? Support your argument with experimental evidence.
Based on my experiment's results, it appears that EDTA attaches to calcium and disintegrates it.
When the kidneys detect a foreign substance, the body eliminates it, along with anything
attached to it, through urine. Chelation, as per my experiment, is not a suitable treatment for
atherosclerosis, as this condition is caused by the accumulation of cholesterol or fat in the
arteries.
Experiment 3: Microscopic Anatomy of Blood
Post-Lab Questions
1. What makes red blood cells unique, compared to other cells in the body?
Red blood cells are unique compared to other cells in the body because they lack a nucleus and
other organelles. This absence of a nucleus allows them to have more space to carry
hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide, enabling them to transport
gases efficiently. The lack of organelles also means that red blood cells cannot perform most
cellular functions, making them solely dedicated to their primary role of oxygen transport in the
bloodstream.Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L
2. How is new blood made?
New blood is produced through a process called hematopoiesis, which occurs primarily in the
bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow undergo differentiation and
division to give rise to various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells,
and platelets, ensuring a continuous supply of fresh blood to the body.
3. What is the main function of platelets?
The main function of platelets is to play a crucial role in blood clotting or coagulation.
4. Describe how the body stops bleeding.
When a blood vessel is injured, the body employs a process known as hemostasis to stop
bleeding. First, the blood vessel constricts to reduce blood flow. Then, platelets adhere to the
damaged area, forming a temporary plug to stop bleeding. Finally, a series of coagulation
factors are activated, leading to the formation of a fibrin clot, which reinforces the platelet plug
and seals the wound, ultimately stopping the bleeding.
5. Sickle cells are named so because of their characteristic shape. What problems can this
shape cause?
The characteristic sickle shape of red blood cells in sickle cell disease can lead to various health
problems. The rigid, crescent-like shape of the cells hinders their smooth flow through blood
vessels, causing blockages and reduced oxygen supply to tissues and organs. This can lead to
episodes of pain, organ damage, anemia, and an increased risk of infections and other
complications in individuals with sickle cell disease.
6. Explain how the absence of a nucleus affects a red blood cell’s life span.
The absence of a nucleus in a red blood cell means it cannot repair or reproduce itself,
limiting its ability to undergo cell division and replenish its population.
Experiment 4: Blood Typing Experiment
Table 4: Blood Typing Results
A (Blood Sample A) B (Blood Sample B) C (Blood Sample C)
1 (Anti-A Serum) clotting No clotting No clotting
2 (Anti-B Serum) No clotting clotting No clotting
3 (Anti-Rh Serum) clotting No clotting No clotting
Blood Type: B- A+ AB
Post-Lab Questions
1. What determines blood type?Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L
Blood type is determined by specific antigens present on the surface of red blood cells, such as
ABO blood group antigens and Rh factor.
2. What type of blood antigens are expressed if a person is blood type AB negative?
If a person is blood type AB negative, they have both A and B antigens present on the surface of
their red blood cells and lack the Rh factor.
3. Why doesn’t a transfusion reaction occur the first time an Rh negative patient is exposed to
Rh positive blood?
A transfusion reaction doesn't occur the first time an Rh-negative patient is exposed to Rhpositive blood because the immune system needs time to recognize and mount a response
against the foreign Rh antigens. During the initial exposure, the immune system may not
produce a significant amount of anti-Rh antibodies.
Experiment 5: Virtual Model – The Heart Coloring Activity
Insert screenshot of the myocardium:
Insert screenshot of the mitral valve:Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L
Post-Lab Questions
1. What component of the heart separates the left and right ventricles?
Interventricular septum
2. Which is more superior: the arch of the aorta or the atrioventricular septum?
The arch of aorta
3. What component of the heart prevents the flow of the blood from the right ventricle to the
right atrium?
Tricuspid Valve
Experiment 6: Sheep Heart Dissection
Insert photo of dissected sheep heart showing at least one atrioventricular valve with your name and
access code handwritten clearly in the background:Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L
Post-Lab Questions
1. What surprised you about the anatomy of the sheep’s heart?
I was most amazed by the similarity between sheep and human hearts, both having four
chambers. Additionally, the thickness of the myocardium surprised me, even though it wasn't
too difficult to cut through with a knife.
2. Research diseases of the heart valves. How might a valvular insufficiency affect heart function?
How would valvular stenosis (tightening or less ability to open easily) affect heart function?
Valvular insufficiency, also known as valve regurgitation, causes blood to leak backward due
to a heart valve failing to close properly. This can lead to an enlarged heart, decreased cardiac
output, and potential heart failure as the heart has to pump blood both forward and against
the backflow.
Valvular stenosis, on the other hand, occurs when a heart valve becomes narrowed, reducing
blood flow through the valve. This can lead to increased pressure within the heart chambers
and a need for the heart to work harder to push blood through the narrowed valve. Over
time, this can result in heart muscle thickening and reduced cardiac output, potentially
leading to heart failure if not treated promptly. [Show Less]
