1. Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of
the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous e... [Show More] pithelial cells?
a. Hyperplasia
b. Metaplasia
c. Dysplasia
d. Anaplasia
ANS: B
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another, sometimes a lessdifferentiated
cell type. The best example of metaplasia is the replacement of normal columnarciliated
epithelial cells of the bronchial (airway) lining by stratified squamous epithelial cells.
The other options do not accurately describe the event in the question.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
2. What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do?
a. Shrink because of the influx of calcium (Ca)
b. Shrink because of the influx of potassium chloride (KCl)
c. Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl)
d. Swell because of the influx of nitric oxide (NO)
ANS: C
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane’s sodium–potassium (Na+–K+) pump
and sodium–calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium
and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+–K+ pump is discussed in
Chapter 1.) Sodium and water can then freely enter the cell, and cellular swelling results. The
other options do not accurately describe the result of ATP at the cellular level.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
3. The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of what
hormonal process?
a. Atrophy
b. Hyperplasia
c. Anaplasia
d. Dysplasia
ANS: B
Hormonal hyperplasia occurs chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs, such as the uterus and breast.
Atrophy is a decrease or shrinkage in cellular size. Anaplasia is a condition of poor cellular
differentiation, a characteristic of cancer cells. Dysplasia is a change in the size, shape, and
organization of mature cells.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
4. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?
a. Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease
b. Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis
c. Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease
d. Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia
ANS: A
Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play major roles in the initiation and
progression of cardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus,
hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart failure. Free radical damage is not a
contributing mechanism for the renal, gastrointestinal, or muscular diseases listed.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
5. How do free radicals cause cell damage?
a. Stealing the cell’s oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing hypoxia
b. Stimulating the release of lysosomal enzymes that digest the cell membranes
c. Transferring one of its charged, stabilized atoms to the cell membrane, which
causes lysis
d. Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the
cell membrane
ANS: D
A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron.
Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, the molecule gives
up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore it is capable of forming injurious
chemical bonds with proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates—key molecules in membranes and
nucleic acids. Free radical damage is not caused by hypoxia, lysosomal enzymes, or transferring
atoms.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
6. What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
a. Enzymatic digestion halts DNA synthesis.
b. Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production.
c. Edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production.
d. Potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure.
ANS: B
Calcium alterations are an important mechanism of cell injury and death. Cell membrane injury
leads to calcium influx into the cell. An influx of calcium ions from the extracellular
compartment activates multiple enzyme systems, resulting in cytoskeleton disruption, membrane
damage, activation of inflammation, and eventually DNA degradation. Calcium ion
accumulation in the mitochondria causes the mitochondria to swell, which is an occurrence that
is associated with irreversible cellular injury. The injured mitochondria can no longer generate
ATP, but they do continue to accumulate calcium ions. Mitochondrial consequences of cell
membrane damage do not include enzymatic digestion, reduced ATP production due to edema,
or infrastructure damage from potassium shifts.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
7. What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury?
a. Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis.
b. Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the ATP production.
c. Edema of the Golgi body prevents the transport of proteins out of the cell.
d. Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton.
ANS: A
Acid hydrolases from leaking lysosomes are activated in the reduced pH of the injured cell and
they digest cytoplasmic and nuclear components. Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria,
edema of Golgi bodies, and calcium destruction of the cytoskeleton are not a consequence of
leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
8. Lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of what?
a. Sodium and chloride
b. Potassium
c. Calcium
d. ATP
ANS: C
Lead affects many different biologic activities at the cellular and molecular levels, many of
which may be related to its ability to interfere with the functions and homeostasis of calcium.
Lead does not appear to cause damage by interfering with the action of sodium, chloride,
potassium, or ATP.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
9. A health professions student asks the professor to explain apoptosis. What response is most
accurate?
a. Programmed cell death
b. Due to chemical injury
c. Unpredictable patterns of cell death
d. Results in benign malignancies
ANS: A
Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-destruction, also known as programmed cell
death, which is implicated in normal and pathologic tissue changes. Apoptosis causes cell death
in many pathologic states, not just from chemical injury. A predictable, tightly regulated cellular
program leads to apoptosis. Apoptosis does not cause benign malignancies.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
10. A healthcare professional is assessing a child whose parents report poor grades in school,
trouble paying attention, and “naughty” behaviors that have become so frequent the child is
always in trouble. For which health condition should the professional facilitate testing?
a. Hypoxic injury
b. Lead poisoning
c. Mercury exposure
d. Cadmium injection
ANS: B
Decreased academic achievement, IQ, and specific cognitive measures; increased incidence of
attention-related behaviors and problem behaviors are related to lead exposure. Hypoxic injury is
usually caused by ischemia, which is not apparent in this child. Exposure to mercury poisoning
in utero can lead to deafness, blindness, intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, and central nervous
system (CNS) defects. The main effects of cadmium poisoning are renal tubular disease and
obstructive lung disease.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying
11. A student asks why carbon monoxide [Show Less]
