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NURS 6501 Midterm Exam
Course NURS-6501N-32,Advanced Pathophysiology.2020 Spring Qtr 02/24-05/17-PT27
Test Exam - Week 6 Midterm
Started 4/4/20 3:01 PM Submitted 4/4/20 5:01 PM Due Date 4/6/20 1:59 AM
Status Completed
Attempt Score 100 out of 100 points
Time Elapsed 2 hours, 0 minute out of 2 hours
Results Displayed
Question 1
Submitted Answers, Incorrectly Answered Questions
1 out of 1 points
What is the blood type of a person who is heterozygous, having A and B alleles as codominant?
Selected Answer: AB
Question 2
1out of 1 poin
The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American blacks is an example of which concept?
Selected Answer:
Incidence prevalence ratio risk
Question 3
1out of 1 points
A patient is having a spirometry measurement done and asks the healthcare professional to explain this test. What response by the professional is best?
Selected Answer:
To measure the volume and flow rate during forced expiration
Question 4
1 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional is caring for a patient undergoing chemotherapy. What is the skin-related health risk the professional should assess the patient for and be prepared to treat?
Selected Answer:
Infection
Question 5
1 out of 1 points
A professor has taught the students about the sources of increased ammonia in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. What statement by a student indicates the professor should review this material?
Selected Answer:
Accumulation of short-chain fatty acids are a source of increased ammonia.
Question 6
1out of 1 points
What is the second most commonly recognized genetic cause of intellectual disability?
Selected Answer:
Fragile X syndrome
Question 7
1 out of 1 points
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection?
Selected Answer:
It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA.
Question 8
Which renal change is found in older adults?
1 out of 1 points
Selected Answer:
Decrease in the number of nephrons
Question 9
1 out of 1 points
In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to release what?
Selected Answer:
Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation
Question 10
1 out of 1 points
Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for the cell?
Selected Answer:
Glycolysis
Question 11
1 out of 1 points
A patient had a motor vehicle crash and suffered critical injuries to the brainstem. What physiological responses would the healthcare professional expect to see?
Selected Answer:
Pulse and blood pressure changes
Question 12
1 out of 1 points
A parent wants to know how to prevent type 1 diabetes in the newborn. The healthcare professional explains that prevention is not possible, because which of these is a major characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Selected Answer:
An autoimmune cause factor
Question 13
1out of 1 points
A patient has a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 30mmHg. What assessment finding by the healthcare professional would be most consistent with this reading?
Selected Answer:
Pink, frothy sputum
Question 14
1out of 1 points
A patient is having an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. What action by the healthcare professional is best?
Selected Answer:
Give the patient an antihistamine.
Question 15
1 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional is educating a patient on asthma. The professional tells the patient that the most successful treatment for chronic asthma begins with which action?
Selected Answer:
Avoidance of the causative agent
Question 16
1 out of 1 points
A student asks the healthcare professional to explain the pathophysiologic process of alcoholic cirrhosis. What statement by the professional would not be consistent with complete knowledge about this process?
Selected Answer:
Inflammation and damage leading to cirrhosis begin in the bile canaliculi.
Question 17
1out of 1 points
The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?
Selected Answer:
Lymphatic obstruction
Question 18
1out of 1 points
How does progressive nephron injury affect angiotensin II activity?
Selected Answer:
Angiotensin II activity is elevated.
Question 19
1 out of 1 points
A student asks the professor to explain what effect natriuretic peptides have during heart failure when the heart dilates. Which response by the professor is best?
Selected Answer:
Inhibits renin and aldosterone
Question 20
When renin is released, it is capable of which action?
1out of 1 points
Selected Answer:
Formation of angiotensin I
Question 21
1out of 1 points
What is the initiating event that leads to the development of atherosclerosis?
Selected Answer:
Injury to the endothelial cells that line the artery walls
Question 22
1 out of 1 points
The glomerular filtration rate is directly related to which factor?
Selected Answer:
Perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries
Question 23
1 out of 1 points
What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation?
Selected Answer:
Increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins
Question 24
1 out of 1 points
A person wants to know if eating only plant-based foods is advisable as a way to cut cholesterol to near-zero levels. What response by the health care professional is best?
Selected Answer:
No, many hormones are made from cholesterol.
Question 25
1 out of 1 points
The Bainbridge reflex is thought to be initiated by sensory neurons in which cardiac location?
Selected Answer:
Atria
Question 26
1out of 1 points
A patient has a serum sodium level of 165 mEq/L. The healthcare professional explains that the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma are caused by what mechanism?
Selected Answer:
High sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain cells, causing them to swell.
Question 27
1out of 1 points
A person has hypothyroidism. What chemical does the healthcare professional advise the person to include in the diet?
Selected Answer:
Iodine
Question 28
1 out of 1 points
During the cardiac cycle, why do the aortic and pulmonic valves close after the ventricles relax?
Selected Answer:
Blood fills the cusps of the valves and causes the edges to merge, closing the valves.
Question 29
1 out of 1 points
If a patient develops acidosis, the nurse would expect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to react in which manner?
Selected Answer:
Shift to the right, causing more oxygen (O 2) to be released to the cells
Question 30
What does vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis cause?
1 out of 1 points
Selected Answer:
Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance
Question 31
What is one function of the tumor cell marker?
1 out of 1 points
Selected Answer:
To screen individuals at high risk for cancer
Question 32
1 out of 1 points
A patient suffered multiple traumatic injuries and received many blood transfusions within a few days of the injuries. For which medical condition should the healthcare professional monitor the patient for?
Selected Answer:
Hemosiderosis
Question 33
1 out of 1 points
A pregnant woman has Graves disease. What test/s does the healthcare professional advise the woman about?
Selected Answer:
Blood test for hyperthyroidism
Question 34
1 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional is caring for a patient who has a delay in electrical activity reaching the ventricle as seen on ECG. What ECG finding would the healthcare professional associate with this problem?
Selected Answer:
PR interval measuring 0.28 sec
Question 35
1 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional tells a student that a patient has lost atrial kick. What would the student expect to see when examining this patient?
Selected Answer:
Signs of decreased cardiac output
Question 36
1 out of 1 points
A patient has diabetes mellitus. A recent urinalysis showed increased amounts of protein. What therapy does the healthcare provider educate the patient that is specific to this disorder?
Selected Answer:
More frequent blood glucose monitoring
Question 37
1 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient does the professional assess for neurogenic diabetes insipidus (DI)?
Selected Answer:
Posterior pituitary trauma
Question 38
How do free radicals cause cell damage?
1out of 1 points
Selected Answer:
Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane
Question 39
1out of 1 points
A student studying biology asks the professor to describe how the ras gene is involved in cancer proliferation. What explanation by the professor is best?
Selected Answer: A mutation in this gene allows continuous cell growth.
Question 40
1 out of 1 points
A patient has a peptic ulcer related to h. pylori bacteria. What treatment does the healthcare professional educate the patient on?
Selected Answer:
Antibiotic therapy
Question 41
1 out of 1 points
A patient in the hospital has hypernatremia. What condition should the healthcare professional assess for?
Selected Answer:
b. Hyper secretion of aldosterone
Question 42
1out of 1 points
A patient is in severe shock and is receiving vasopressin. A student asks the health care professional to explain the rationale for this treatment. What response by the professional is most accurate?
Selected Answer:
Antidiuretic hormone causes vasoconstriction to help increase blood pressure.
Question 43
1out of 1 points
A student is preparing to irrigate a patient's wound and gathers supplies, including hydrogen peroxide. What response by the health care professional is best?
Selected Answer:
Tell the student to get some normal saline instead.
Question 44
1 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional cares for older adults in a skilled nursing facility. What should the professional assess for in these individuals related to cardiovascular functioning?
Selected Answer:
Increased rate of falling and dizzy spells
Question 45
1out of 1 points
Which statement made by a student indicates the healthcare professional needs to describe the pericardium again?
Selected Answer:
The pericardium is a double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart.
Question 46
Where is two thirds of the body's water found?
1out of 1 points
Selected Answer:
Intracellular fluid compartments
Question 47
1 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient does the professional assess for pulmonary emboli (PE) as the priority?
Selected Answer:
Deep venous thrombosis
Question 48
1out of 1 points
A patient has been diagnosed with a renal stone. Based on knowledge of common stone types, what self-care measure does the healthcare professional plan to teach the patient when stone analysis has returned?
Selected Answer:
Ingest 1000 mg of calcium a day.
Question 49
What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?
1out of 1 points
Selected Answer:
Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation
Question 50
What is the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)?
1 out of 1 points
Selected Answer:
Reduction in the number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on cell surfaces
Question 51
1 out of 1 points
During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?
Selected Answer:
Potassium
Question 52
Which chamber of the heart endures the highest pressures?
1 out of 1 points
Selected Answer:
Left ventricle
Question 53
1 out of 1 points
When endothelial cells are injured, what alteration contributes to atherosclerosis?
Selected Answer:
Cells are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines.
Question 54
What is the cause of functional dysphagia?
1 out of 1 points
Selected Answer:
Neural or muscular disorders
Question 55
1out of 1 points
A patient diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has the following laboratory values: arterial pH 7.20; serum glucose 500 mg/dL; positive urine glucose and ketones; serum potassium (K +) 2 mEq/L; serum sodium (Na +) 130 mEq/L. The
patient reports that he has been sick with the flu for 1 week. What relationship do these values have to his insulin deficiency?
Selected Answer:
Decreased glucose use causes fatty acid use, ketogenesis, metabolic acidosis, and osmotic diuresis.
Question 56
What is one function of the tumor cell marker?
1out of 1 points
Selected Answer:
To screen individuals at high risk for cancer
Question 57
1out of 1 points
A student asks about the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions. What description by the professor is best?
Selected Answer:
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 cells directly attack and destroy cellular targets.
Question 58
1out of 1 points
What physical sign does the healthcare professional relate to the result of turbulent blood flow through a vessel?
Selected Answer:
Murmur heard on auscultation
Question 59
1 out of 1 points
Which hormone is required for water to be reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting duct?
Selected Answer:
Antidiuretic hormone
Question 60
1 out of 1 points
A patient asks the healthcare professional why tissue damage occurs in acute rejection after organ transplantation. What response by the professional is best?
Selected Answer:
Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue.
Question 61
What are blood pressure variations associated with?
1 out of 1 points
Selected Answer:
The renin-angiotensin system's effect on vasoconstriction
Question 62
1 out of 1 points
A class of students has learned about contributing factors to duodenal ulcers. What statement indicates to the professor that the students need a review?
Selected Answer:
Gastric emptying is slowed, causing greater exposure of the mucosa to acid.
Question 63
1 out of 1 points
Renal failure is the most common cause of which type of hyperparathyroidism?
Selected Answer:
Secondary
Question 64
1 out of 1 points
An amniocentesis indicates a neural tube defect when an increase in which protein is evident?
Selected Answer:
Alpha fetoprotein
Question 65
1 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional wants to determine the adequacy of a person's alveolar ventilation. What assessment finding is most important for the professional to consider?
Selected Answer: Arterial blood gas shows a PaCO 2 of 44 mmHg.
Question 66
1 out of 1 points
What is an expected change in the cardiovascular system that occurs with aging?
Selected Answer:
Arterial stiffening
Question 67
Oxygenated blood flows through which vessel?
1 out of 1 points
Selected Answer:
Pulmonary veins
Question 68
1 out of 1 points
A patient's urinalysis came back positive for glucose. What does the healthcare professional expect the patient's blood glucose to be at a minimum?
Selected Answer:
180 mg/dL
Question 69
1 out of 1 points
A student asks the healthcare professional to explain the function of the papillary muscles. What response by the professional is best?
Selected Answer:
These muscles prevent backward expulsion of the atrioventricular valves.
Question 70
1out of 1 points
The healthcare professional explains to a student that the amount of volume of blood in the heart is directly related to the of contraction.
Selected Answer: strength
Question 71
1out of 1 points
A healthcare professional is caring for a patient who has continuous increases in left ventricular filing pressures. What disorder would the professional assess the patient for?
Selected Answer:
Pulmonary edema
Question 72
1 out of 1 points
What pathologic change occurs to the kidney's glomeruli as a result of hypertension?
Selected Answer:
Ischemia of the tubule
Question 73
1 out of 1 points
A student asks why some vaccinations are given orally and some are given by injection. What response by the professor is best?
Selected Answer:
Each route stimulates a different lymphocyte-containing tissue, resulting in different types of cellular and humoral immunity.
Question 74
1out of 1 points
A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to this behavior?
Selected Answer:
Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
Question 75
1out of 1 points
A student asks the healthcare professional to describe exotoxins. Which statement
by the professional is best?
Selected Answer:
Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth.
Question 76
What are tumor cell markers?
1 out of 1 points
Selected Answer:
Hormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies that are produced by cancer cells
Question 77
1 out of 1 points
The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the hypothalamus being affected by what?
Selected Answer:
Endogenous pyrogens
Question 78
1 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional is educating a patient about asthma. The professional states that good control is necessary due to which pathophysiologic process?
Selected Answer: Uncontrolled inflammation leads to increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness and eventual scarring.
Question 79
1 out of 1 points
The student asks the professor to explain what characteristic is demonstrated by lungs with decreased compliance?
Selected Answer:
stiffness
Question 80
1 out of 1 points
The action of platelet-derived growth factor is to stimulate the production of which cells?
Selected Answer:
Platelets
Question 81
1out of 1 points
A healthcare professional tells the student that a properly placed endotracheal tube for mechanical ventilation is 5 to 7 cm above the tracheal bifurcation. Where does this bifurcation occur?
Selected Answer:
Bronchi
Question 82
1out of 1 points
Surfactant produced by type II alveolar cells facilitates alveolar distention and ventilation by which mechanism?
Selected Answer:
Decreasing surface tension in the alveoli
Question 83
1 out of 1 points
A patient is brought to the Emergency Department with a gunshot wound to the chest. The healthcare professional assesses an abnormality involving a pleural rupture that acts as a one-way valve, permitting air to enter on inspiration but preventing its escape by closing during expiration. What action by the healthcare professional is the priority?
Selected Answer:
Assist with a chest tube insertion.
Question 84
1out of 1 points
A professor has taught the students about the pathogenesis of abdominal pain. Which statement by a student indicates the professor needs to review the material?
Selected Answer: Low concentrations of anaerobes, such as Streptococci, Lactobacilli, Staphylococci, Enterobacteria, and Bacteroides, produce abdominal pain.
Question 85
1out of 1 points
People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition because of which genetic principle?
Selected Answer:
Expressivity
Question 86
1out of 1 points
A student asks the professor how a faulty negative-feedback mechanism results in a hormonal imbalance. What response by the professor is best?
Selected Answer:
Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn
Question 87
0 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional is working with a person who drinks several 6-packs of beer a week. What testing does the professional encourage the person to get?
Selected Answer:
Hepatic function
Question 88
1 out of 1 points
Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when considering the antigen?
Selected Answer:
Foreignness
Question 89
1 out of 1 points
A patient has portal hypertension-induced splenomegaly. Which lab value would the healthcare professional associate with this condition?
Selected Answer:
Low platelet count
Question 90
1 out of 1 points
Why is leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injuries significant?
Selected Answer:
Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis.
Question 91
1 out of 1 points
What is the most important cause of pulmonary artery constriction?
Selected Answer:
Low alveolar partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO 2)
Question 92
Autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to do what?
1 out of 1 points
Selected Answer: Secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth
Question 93
1 out of 1 points
Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to which structure?
Selected Answer:
Receptors
Question 94
1 out of 1 points
A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient's facial nerve leads to lip twitching. What electrolyte value is correlated with this finding?
Selected Answer:
Ca ++: 8.2 mg/dL
Question 95
1out of 1 points
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why does an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell occur?
Selected Answer:
Sodium chloride enters the cell
Question 96
1out of 1 points
A female patient has been diagnosed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection. What self-care measure does the healthcare provider teach the patient that is specific to this type of infection?
Selected Answer:
After using the bathroom, wipe from front to back.
Question 97
1 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional is conducting community education on vaccinations. Which statement about vaccines does the professional include in the presentation?
Selected Answer:
Most viral vaccines are made by using dead organisms.
Question 98
1 out of 1 points
A patient reports dumping syndrome after a partial gastrectomy. What does the healthcare professional teach this patient?
Selected Answer: Eat small, frequent high-protein meals.
Question 99
1 out of 1 points
Once they have penetrated the first line of defense, which microorganisms do natural killer (NK) cells actively attack?
Selected Answer: mycoplasma
Question 100
1 out of 1 points
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?
Selected Answer:
Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease [Show Less]