Nur2063 essentials of pathophysiology exam 1 study guide
Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide
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Module 1
1. What happens during the alarm phase of Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome? Initial reaction-Fight or flight, physiological response to stress. Catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine are released) (The sympathetic nervous system)The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and some norepinephrine. The adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids, increase in sympathetic nervous system, reduce resistance to stressors.
2. Remember this is the fight or flight stage. What clinical findings would the patient in the fight or flight stage present with? (Select All)
Increased heart rates, breathing rate and blood sugar, pupils dilate.
3. The four components of Pathophysiology (Select all)
Etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations and treatment implications.
4. Prevention and treatment of disease- eg. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Primary- Does not have the disease and is trying to prevent it, vaccines. Secondary Disease detection- testing,
Tertiary- Trying to prevent problems from the disease or problem. Treatment and rehabilitation, medications, reduce the risk for complications.
5. What compounds does the body release during stress?
Catecholamines include neurotransmitters such as dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and cortisol
6. How is fluid between interstitial and intracellular compartments distributed?
Through the cell membrane and mainly by osmosis
7. How fluid is lost or excreted from the body?
sweating, breathing, urination, feces, blood loss. Excess fluid or sodium losses, nephrosis, Diabetes 1 & 2, burns, wounds, ascites, effusions, water pill excess and osmotic diuresis.
8. How do we lose fluid from extracellular compartment?
Through the interstitial fluids (edema), intravascular space (blood) and transcellular space (joints, we removed it) Inadequate fluid intake, output via sweating, urinations, respiration and defecation, dehydration vomiting, diarrhea and hemorrhage.
9. What is potential and fatal complication of hyponatremia?
cerebral edema
10. Priority assessment for a patient with a potassium imbalance? Cardiac, EKG and Labs, troponin level
11. Symptoms of dehydration?
Absence of urine, decreased skin turgor, hard stools and rapid thread pulse, thirst, altered LOC, hypotension and hypovolemic shock, tachycardia, flat jugular veins, dry mucus membranes, oliguria, weight loss, sunken fontanelles (infants)
12. Cause of edema?
excess fluid trapped within the interstitial compartment. An increase of capillary hydrostatic pressure, excess sodium or water intake (high sodium diet, psychogenic polydipsia, hypertonic fluid admin, free water and enteral Fluid builds up in the interstitial space from sodium imbalance
13. What hormones assist with potassium distribution (I discussed 2 main hormones in the webex lecture)
Insulin helps move potassium in and out of the cell and Epiepherine(I mentioned 2 but I stressed one main hormone in the webex lecture)
14. Extracellular fluid has higher concentration of which electrolytes/substances.
Sodium, as the primary extracellular electrolyte, controls the osmolarity (either too much or too little) of the extracellular fluid.
15. The energy currency of a cell and role the mitochondrion plays in this currency. ATP, mitochondria make ATP with the use of glycogen and oxygen
16. Three electrolytes that impact bone.
Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus and they have a Calcium has an inverse relationship with phosphorus and a synergistic relationship with magnesium. When calcium levels go up, phosphorus goes down, and vice versa. Calcium needs magnesium to fully function as well as balance its effects.
Module 2
1. Passive Immunity
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