NR 507 Week 4 Midterm Exam / NR507 Week 4 Midterm Exam (NEW,2020/2021): Advanced Pathophysiology: Chamberlain College of Nursing
Chamberlain NR 507 Midt... [Show More] erm Exam / Chamberlain NR507 Midterm Exam (NEW, 2020/2021): Advanced Pathophysiology
The coronary ostia are located in the: (Points : 2)
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Coronary sinus
Aorta
Where in the respiratory tract do the majority of foreign objects aspirated by children finally lodge? (Points : 2)
Trachea
Left lung
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Which type of antibody is involved in type I hypersensitivity reaction? (Points : 2)
IgA
IgE
IgG
IgM
Hypersensitivity is best defined as a(an): (Points : 2)
Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens
Immunologic reaction of one person to the tissue of another person
Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease
Undetectable immune response in the presence of antigens
What is the final stage of the infectious process? (Points : 2)
Colonization
Invasion
Multiplication
Spread 1. Colonization 2. Invasion 3. Multiply 4. spread
The function of the foramen ovale in a fetus allows what to occur? (Points : 2)
Right-to-left blood shunting
Left-to-right blood shunting
Blood flow from the umbilical cord
Blood flow to the lungs
It has been determined that a tumor is in stage 2. What is the meaning of this finding? (Points : 2)
Cancer is confined to the organ of origin.
Cancer has spread to regional structures.
Cancer is locally invasive.
Cancer has spread to distant sites
What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? (Points : 2)
Consolidation
Pulmonary edema
Atelectasis
Bronchiolar plugging
Which statement is true concerning the IgM? (Points : 2)
IgM is the first antibody produced during the initial response to an antigen.
IgM mediates many common allergic responses.
IgM is the most abundant class of immunoglobulins.
IgM is capable of crossing the human placenta.
Apoptosis is a(an): (Points : 2)
Normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct when growth is excessive
Antigrowth signal activated by the tumor-suppressor gene Rb
Mutation of cell growth stimulated by the TP53 gene
Transformation of cells from dysplasia to anaplasia
Which statement concerning benign tumors is true? (Points : 2)
The resulting pain is severe.
Benign tumors are not encapsulated.
Benign tumors are fast growing.
The cells are well-differentiated.
Which complex (wave) represents the sum of all ventricular muscle cell depolarizations? (Points : 2)
PRS
QRS
QT interval
P
Which organism is a common sexually transmitted bacterial infection? (Points : 2)
Staphylococcus aureus
Clostridium perfringens
Helicobacter pylori
Treponema pallidum
Which organ is stimulated during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)? (Points : 2)
Adrenal cortex
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Limbic system
What is the role of caretaker genes? (Points : 2)
Maintenance of genomic integrity
Proliferation of cancer cells
Secretion of growth factors
Restoration of normal tissue structure
Where are antibodies produced? (Points : 2)
Helper T lymphocytes
Thymus gland
Plasma cells
Bone marrow
The lung is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system via which nerve? (Points : 2)
Vagus
Phrenic
Brachial
Pectoral
What physical sign is the result of turbulent blood flow through a vessel? (Points : 2)
Increased blood pressure during periods of stress
Bounding pulse felt on palpation
Cyanosis observed on excretion
Murmur heard on auscultation
What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? (Points : 2)
Immature immune system
Small alveoli
Surfactant deficiency
Anemia
What is the fundamental physiologic manifestation of anemia? (Points : 2)
Hypotension
Hyperesthesia
Hypoxia
Ischemia
Which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized? (Points : 2)
Dysplasia
Hyperplasia
Myoplasia
Anaplasia
Which of the following is classified as a megaloblastic anemia? (Points : 2)
Iron deficiency
Pernicious
Sideroblastic
Hemolytic
How is most carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood transported? (Points : 2)
Attached to oxygen
In the form of bicarbonate
Combined with albumin
Dissolved in the plasma
Question 24.24. Which immunoglobulin (Ig) is present in childhood asthma? (Points : 2)
IgM
IgG
IgE
IgA
Question 25.25. An individual is more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes when he or she has a seriously low level of which immunoglobulin antibody? (Points : 2)
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
Question 26.26. Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis may contribute to which life-threatening complication? (Points : 2)
Retropharyngeal abscess
Laryngospasms
Rupturing of the tonsils
Gagging induced aspiration
Question 27.27. Which laboratory test is considered adequate for an accurate and reliable diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man? (Points : 2)
Ligase chain reaction (LCR)
Gram-stain technique
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
DNA testing
Question 28.28. Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response? (Points : 2)
The immune response is similar each time it is activated.
The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it.
The response to a specific pathogen is short term.
The response is innate, rather than acquired.
Question 29.29. When an individual aspirates food particles, where would the nurse expect to hear decreased or absent breath sounds? (Points : 2)
Left lung
Right lung
Trachea
Carina
Question 30.30. What is the primary site for uncomplicated local gonococci infections in men? (Points : 2)
Epididymis
Lymph nodes
Urethra
Prostate
Question 31.31. Deficiencies in which element can produce depression of both B- and T-cell function? (Points : 2)
Iron
Zinc
Iodine
Magnesium
Question 32.32. An infant has a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and systolic thrill that can be detected at the left lower sternal border that radiates to the neck. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? (Points : 2)
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect
Question 33.33. Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells? (Points : 2)
Lying on their left side
Performing the Valsalva maneuver
Squatting
Hyperventilating
Question 34.34. In a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a: (Points : 2)
Basal cell
Target cell
Caretaker gene
Proto-oncogene
Question 35.35. Infants are most susceptible to significant losses in total body water because of an infant’s: (Points : 2)
High body surface–to–body size ratio
Slow metabolic rate
Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses
Inability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty
Question 36.36. A person with type O blood is considered to be the universal blood donor because type O blood contains which of the following? (Points : 2)
No antigens
No antibodies
Both A and B antigens
Both A and B antibodies
Question 37.37. Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen? (Points : 2)
Passive-acquired immunity
Active-acquired immunity
Passive-innate immunity
Active-innate immunity
Question 38.38. Erythrocyte life span of less than 120 days, ineffective bone marrow response to erythropoietin, and altered iron metabolism describe the pathophysiologic characteristics of which type of anemia? (Points : 2)
Aplastic
Sideroblastic
Anemia of chronic disease
Iron deficiency
Question 39.39. How is most of the oxygen in the blood transported? (Points : 2)
Dissolved in plasma
Bound to hemoglobin
In the form of carbon dioxide (CO2)
Bound to protein
Question 40.40. What is the action of urodilatin? (Points : 2)
Urodilatin causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles.
It causes vasodilation of the efferent arterioles.
Urodilatin inhibits antidiuretic hormone secretion.
It inhibits salt and water reabsorption.
Question 41.41. What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? (Points : 2)
Low birth weight
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Premature birth
Smoking during pregnancy
Question 42.42. What is the most common cause of insufficient erythropoiesis in children? (Points : 2)
Folic acid deficiency
Iron deficiency
Hemoglobin abnormality
Erythrocyte abnormality
Question 43.43. What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis (CF)? (Points : 2)
Deficit of interleukin (IL)–1 and an excess of IL-4, IL-12, and interferon-alpha (IFN-
Deficit of IL-6 and an excess of IL-2, IL-8, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
Deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-
Deficit of IL-3 and an excess of IL-14, IL-24, and colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
Question 44.44. Which manifestations of vasoocclusive crisis are associated with sickle cell disease (SCD) in infants? (Points : 2)
Atelectasis and pneumonia
Edema of the hands and feet
Stasis ulcers of the hands, ankles, and feet
Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly
Question 45.45. What process allows the kidney to respond to an increase in workload? (Points : 2)
Glomerular filtration
Secretion of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
Increased heart rate
Compensatory hypertrophy
Question 46.46. What is the direct action of atrial natriuretic hormone? (Points : 2)
Sodium retention
Sodium excretion
Water retention
Water excretion
Question 47.47. Which cells have phagocytic properties similar to monocytes and contract like smooth muscles cells, thereby influencing the glomerular filtration rate? (Points : 2)
Principle cells
Podocin cells
Mesangial cells
Intercalated cells
Question 48.48. Research supports the premise that exercise has a probable impact on reducing the risk of which cancer? (Points : 2)
Liver
Endometrial
Stomach
Colon
Question 49.49. What effect do natriuretic peptides have during heart failure when the heart dilates? (Points : 2)
Stimulates antidiuretic hormones.
Inhibits antidiuretic hormones.
Stimulates renin and aldosterone.
Inhibits renin and aldosterone.
Question 50.50. Which T-lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood asthma? (Points : 2)
Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 T-helper Th1 lymphocytes
CD4 T-helper Th2 lymphocytes
CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Memory T lymphocytes
Question 51.51. In which primary immune deficiency is there a partial-to-complete absence of T-cell immunity? (Points : 2)
Bruton disease
DiGeorge syndrome
Reticular dysgenesis
Adenosine deaminase deficiency
What is the ratio of coronary capillaries to cardiac muscle cells? (Points : 2)
1:1 (one capillary per one muscle cell)
1:2 (one capillary per two muscle cells)
1:4 (one capillary per four muscle cells)
1:10 (one capillary per ten muscle cells)
Question 53.53. The most common site of metastasis for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is which location? (Points : 2)
Bones
Brain
Bladder
Kidney
Question 54.54. Which cardiac chamber has the thinnest wall and why? (Points : 2)
The right and left atria; they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood.
The right and left atria; they are not directly involved in the preload, contractility, or afterload of the heart.
The left ventricle; the mean pressure of blood coming into this ventricle is from the lung, which has a low pressure.
The right ventricle; it pumps blood into the pulmonary capillaries, which have a lower pressure compared with the systemic circulation.
Question 55.55. The only surface inside the nephron where cells are covered with microvilli to increase the reabsorptive surface area is called the: (Points : 2)
Proximal convoluted tubules
Distal tubules
Ascending loop of Henle
Descending loop of Henle
Question 56.56. How high does the plasma glucose have to be before the threshold for glucose is achieved? (Points : 2)
126 mg/dl
150 mg/dl
180 mg/dl
200 mg/dl
Question 57.57. Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)? (Points : 2)
IL–1 and IL-6
IL-2 and TNF-
IFN and IL-12
TNF-ß and IL-4
Question 58.58. Which hormone is synthesized and secreted by the kidneys? (Points : 2)
Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Erythropoietin
Angiotensinogen
Question 59.59. What effects do exercise and body position have on renal blood flow? (Points : 2)
Exercise and body position activate renal parasympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction.
They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction.
Both activate renal parasympathetic neurons and cause mild vasodilation.
They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasodilation.
Question 60.60. The glomerular filtration rate is directly related to which factor? (Points : 2)
Perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries
Diffusion rate in the renal cortex
Diffusion rate in the renal medulla
Glomerular active transport [Show Less]
