NAVLE STUDY GUIDE WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024.
Xylitol toxicity - answer - rapid release of insulin = monitor for HYPOGLYCEMIA
- high ALT = SAME, u... [Show More] rsodiol, N-acetylcysteine, milk thistle
Bleach toxicity - answer - dilute stomach w/ MILK
- DO NOT induce emesis
- GI protectants
Black widow spiders - answer - latrodectus mactans, L. Hesperus
- ACh is the toxin that binds to Ca channels = ascending motor paralysis and destruction of peripheral nerves
- signs = recumbent, vocalizing, pain, rigidity w/ muscle spasms
- death from resp/cardio failure
Warfarin toxicity - answer - ANTICOAGULANT = clotting factors II, VII, IX, X
- signs = 12-16 hrs, slowly developing; PT prolonged soonest after ingestion
- give vit. K1 for 3-4 wks (if chronic give plasma too) = do NOT give vit. K1 to horses (nephrotoxic; only plasma)
- most common site of hemorrhage = thoracic cavity
- spontaneous bleeding below 45 (or 25K) platelets
- platelets < 10,000 = IMTP, DIC
- diagnosis = PIVKA
Brodifacoum toxicity - answer - D-con rodenticide
- inhibits epoxide reductase (loss of Vit. K)
- give vit. K and monitor PT
Bromethalin toxicity - answer - seizures
- low dose = paralysis
- high dose = convulsions
Cholecalciferol toxicity - answer - converted to active Vit. D = increased resorption of calcium and gut
absorption
- can lead to fatal hypercalcemia + hyperphosphatemia = tissue mineralization
- tx = phosphate binders (aluminum hydroxide, bisphosphonates, fluids (NaCl)), prednisone/prednisolone
(decrease osteoclastic activity)
NAVLE STUDY GUIDE WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024
- DO NOT give sulfa drugs = potentiate toxicity
- human Vit. D supplements are high in Ca and P!
Strychnine toxicity - answer tetanic seizures
Zinc oxide - answer - gas
- decontaminate = don't breathe in!
Ethylene glycol - answer - always isosthenuric in stage 1/2 = ethanol (osmotic diuretic)
- crystals don't tell you about stage = present all the time
- stage 1 = ethanol, acidosis (CNS depression, V/D, ataxia, severe metabolic acidosis)
- stage 2 = less depression, still acidotic, tachypnea
- stage 3 = azotemia, casts, protein in urine --> treat renal dz
- dx = high anion gap, azotemia, calcium oxalate crystalluria, metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia, PU/PD or
oliguria, hypocalcemia
- tx = aimed at alcohol dehydrogenase - give 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP, fomepazole) --> effective 6-8 hrs post
ingestion (best within 3); DOES NOT WORK ON CATS; ethanol competes
Organophosphate toxicity - answer - inhibit acetylcholinesterase = muscarinic signs
- DUMBSLED
- tx = atropine or 2-PAM
- DO NOT sedate w/ acepromazine
Fleet enema toxicity - answer - high in phosphorus = decrease in serum calcium
- hypernatremia and hyperphosphatemia
- hypocalcemia --> weakness, shock, tremors, seizures
- tx = calcium gluconate, phosphorus binders, insulin and dextrose (if hyperkalemic)
Strychnine (snail bait) toxicity - answer - competitively antagonizes glycine = loss of impulse contractility in
spinal cord and brainstem
- affects striated muscle
- tx = methocarbamol (for convulsions), prevent stimulation
Chocolate toxicity - answer - methylxanthines (theobromine, caffeine)
- CNS excitation, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, vomiting/diarrhea = measure HR and BP
- tachycardia = atenolol, acepromazine
- enterohepatic circulation = repeated AC, fluids
Pyrethrin (fipronil) toxicity - answer - toxic to CATS
- alters sodium ion channels to increase length of depolarization
- signs = depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremors
- tx = methocarbamol, bathe
Grissonia simplicifolia toxicity - answer - herbal supplement
- can lead to serotonin syndrome
Acetaminophen toxicity - answer - toxic to CATS and ferrets
- cats lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase --> heinz body hemolytic anemia + liver damage +
methemoglobinemia
- facial and paw edema = allergic/hypersensitivity
- tx = emesis/gastric lavage within 4-6 hrs, N-acetylcysteine
- monitor methemoglobin (>50% grave)
Toxins causing heinz body anemia - answer - methylene blue, molybdenum deficiency, rye grass, brassica
family
- zinc = pennies after 1983
- onions (allium) = hemolytic anemia, HEMOGLOBINURIA; sheep resistant
- red maple leaves = dried leaves; HORSES (icterus, colic)
- moth balls (naphthalene) = also see GI signs
Toxins causing renal failure - answer - grapes and raisins
- lillies = ARF in cats; stargazer, day, asiatic, tiger, easter
- helogeton = oxalate calculi/oxalate nephrosis
- tx = decontaminate, diurese 48-72 hrs, apomorphine ONCE) or dexmedetomidine/xylazine
- do NOT give hydrogen peroxide = hemorrhagic gastritis (give omeprazole)
Nitrate toxicity - answer - NO3 + rumen = NO2 (nitrite)
- binds to hemoglobin --> methemoglobin
- tx = methylene blue. [Show Less]
