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INTRO TO ETHICS – PHIL 200 UNIT 1 to 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS,100% CORRECT
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Intro to Ethics – PHIL 200 Unit 1 Questions and Answers,100% CORRECT
Intro to Ethics – PHIL 200 Unit 1 Questions and Answers Unit 1 Challenge 1 Which of the following statements best describes the rel... [Show More] ationship between philosophy and science? Answer: Philosophy is concerned with how to understand and interpret scientific facts. Philosophy helps define concepts that are at the center of scientific study. Philosophy pursues truths that cannot be determined through empirical observation. Which of the following is a philosophical question? Answer: Is it possible for a computer to have free will? How much freedom should individuals have? What would life on other planets mean for us? Which of the following is a benefit of philosophy? Answer: We learn to recognize and guard against bias. People learn to ask questions about the foundations of moral judgments. Consistency is maintained between actions and beliefs. Amy wants to know if lying is ever morally acceptable. She reads the results of a web search on the question, "Can I lie to save my own life?" Which step of philosophical inquiry has Amy just done? Answer: Identify positions on the question Which of the following actions represents the step, "Advance a Thesis"? Answer: A principal says students should focus more on academics than extracurricular activities. Dan wants to know whether playing video games constitutes a sport. In order to approach the question philosophically, what should his first step be? Answer: Dan should ask, "What is a sport?" Unit 1 Challenge 2 Which of the following is an argument? Answer: Shakespeare wrote The Tempest. The Tempest was written by an Englishman in the 1600s. Therefore, Shakespeare was an Englishman in the 1600s. Simon's restaurant receives the best reviews from local food critics. Therefore, Simon's restaurant is the best restaurant in the city. Given my brother's passion for the outdoors, he would make a good forest ranger. Consider the following argument: (1) Since eating trans fat increases "bad" cholesterol, (2) and "bad" cholesterol is related to a number of heart problems, (3) eating trans fats is unhealthy. (4) Trans fats have no known health benefits. Which of the four numbered statements is the conclusion? Answer: 3 Which one is the conclusion? Answer: Jeremy is financially irresponsible. Anthony is sick. Which of the following is an inductive argument? Answer: Lisa is an artist. Most artists are extremely talented. Therefore, Lisa is probably extremely talented. Which of the following is a deductive argument? Answer: There is no circumstance under which my town will ever cancel fireworks on the Fourth of July. So even if it's pouring rain, the fireworks will happen. Richard works out three days a week. Everyone who works out multiple times a week is strong. Therefore, Richard is strong. Which of the following is a strong inductive argument? Answer: Matt is into 1980s hip-hop. Run DMC is one of the most popular hip-hop groups from the 1980s. Therefore Matt is into Run DMC's music. Everyone named Bethany has exquisite taste in furniture. My sister's name is Bethany. My sister therefore has exquisite taste in furniture. Which type of argument is this? Answer: Valid deductive Amy works for a company called Dewey, Cheatum, and Livingston. Some of that company's employees are accountants. Amy is probably an accountant. Which type of argument is this? Answer: Weak inductive An argument is strong and the premises are all true. Which of the following terms best describes the argument? Answer: Cogent An argument is weak, but the premises and conclusion are all true. Which of the following terms best describes the argument? Answer: Uncogent An argument is valid, but one of its premises is false. Which of the following terms best describes the argument? Answer: Unsound Unit 1 Challenge 3 Which of the following statements is true of ethics? Answer: Professional and personal interactions depend on ethical behavior. Ethics is about determining what is moral and what is immoral. Ethics seeks to define the good and the bad. Ethical topics are often closely related to issues of law, etiquette, or religion. Which of the following is an issue of etiquette? Answer: It’s considered bad manners to burp at the dinner table. Which of the following is an issue of law? Answer: Some states forbid the sale of alcohol on Sundays. Landlord Hank installs working smoke detectors in all of his properties. Which of the following considerations is ethically relevant to a person buying coffee? Answer: Were the farmers fairly compensated? Which of the following is an ethical consideration for an employee who uses the work printer for personal projects? Answer: Does management approve of this behavior? Which of the following considerations is ethically relevant to a person who won the lottery? Answer: Should I donate part of my winnings to charity? Which of the following statements is an example of descriptive ethics? Answer: Most people agree that bringing their pet bulls into china shops is morally wrong. Which of the following questions is an example of normative ethics? Answer: What obligation do children have to their aging parents? Hank creates a concept map to compare how Kantian deontology and virtue-based ethics evaluate eating meat. This is an example of which branch of ethics? Answer: Metaethics Jason sees a neighbor collapse from a heart attack on her front lawn. Which of the following decisions would likely constitute an obligatory action in that moment? Answer: Jason has his son call 911 while he begins CPR. Most academic institutions have severe penalties for students who attempt to pass off another's work as their own. Such academic dishonesty is thus generally considered to be a(n) action. Answer: impermissible Dave and Margaret have hosted Thanksgiving dinner every year for two decades. Despite their family's protests, they've decided not to host this year. Their decision is likely an example of a(n) action. Answer: neutral Which of the following statements reflects objectivism? Answer: Lorraine believes that murder is wrong, regardless of a person's culture. Which of the following statements reflects conventionalism? Answer: Torture is acceptable because we've been doing it here for many years. Which of the following statements reflects relativism? Answer: Jesse thinks that right is whatever a person feels comfortable doing. Unit 1 Milestone Jerome conducts a survey to see how many of his neighbors believe they have a moral duty to report suspicious activity to the police. He finds that 8 in 10 believe they have such a duty. Which branch of ethics do the results of Jerome's survey represent? Answer: Descriptive ethics Which of the following statements reflects subjectivism? Answer: Dennis says that morality is a personal choice. An argument is valid, and its premises are true. Which of the following terms best describes the argument? Answer: Sound (1) Mortgage rates are at an all time low. (2) It is therefore a good time to buy a home. (3) Also, property values have been increasing over the last five years, and (4) a number of new homes in my neighborhood are for sale. Which of the four numbered statements is the conclusion? Answer: 2 Russ plays the bassoon. Most bassoon players can easily learn the saxophone. It's therefore likely that Russ could easily learn the saxophone. Which type of argument is this? Answer: Strong inductive Which of the following is a weak inductive argument? Answer: Krista's favorite composer is Tchaikovsky. Jason also likes Tchaikovsky. Jason and Krista probably have a lot in common. Judy owns a bookstore/cafe that has always done pretty well. However, a new competitor recently opened a block away, and Judy's business has decreased. Which of the following decisions would likely constitute an impermissible action on Judy's part? Answer: Judy invents a distasteful rumor about her competitor and tells it to her customers. Many people confuse topics of religion, social etiquette, and law with ethical topics. Select the example related to social etiquette. Answer: Nathan talks loudly on his cell phone while standing in line at the store. Select the example related to law. Answer: I am the only insured driver, so my daughter cannot drive the rental car. Which of the following considerations is relevant to a person whose elderly parents are sick but refuse to make an appointment at the doctor? Answer: Is it her place to make decisions for her parents? The following statements are all part of one argument. Which one is the conclusion? Answer: Jenny misses her mother. Which of the following is a key benefit of philosophy? Answer: Philosophy allows us to construct logical arguments. What is the goal of philosophy? Answer: To pursue truth Which of the following is an inductive argument? Answer: My new car has a built-in GPS. My friend’s new car has a built-in GPS, and so does my mom’s new car. It follows that all new cars have a built-in GPS. Which of the following is a benefit of philosophy? Answer: Philosophy improves critical thinking skills. Which of the following statements is true of ethics? Answer: Ethics is concerned with right and wrong. Objectivity is vital to ethical thought. Which of the following considerations is ethically relevant to a person who's been asked for money on the street? Answer: Is giving money the best way to help? Which of the following statements about philosophy is true? Answer: Philosophy is concerned with seeking and recognizing knowledge. Which of the following is an argument? Answer: There's not a cloud in the sky today, so you should wear sunscreen if you go outside. Janet studies every day and takes notes in class. She will probably do well in the class for that reason. Which of the following is a philosophical question? Answer: Can one sport be objectively better than another? What is the best system of morality? Which of the following statements reflects objectivism? Answer: The same ethical standards apply to all cultures. Which of the following actions represents the step, "Identify positions on the question"? Answer: A graduate student spends several hours in the library reading books on a particular ethical issue. Which of the following is a deductive argument? Answer: Traffic is very heavy today. When traffic is heavy, I take the bus to work. I will take the bus to work today. An argument is invalid, but the conclusion is true. Which of the following terms best describes the argument? Answer: Unsound Kevin has thoroughly researched whether artificial intelligence can have free will. In order to continue his philosophical inquiry, what should Kevin's next step be? Answer: Kevin should carefully consider each argument for or against artificial intelligence having free will. Ingrid believes local businesses have obligations to their community. Which branch of ethics does Ingrid's belief represent? Answer: Normative ethics Ricardo and Monica volunteered to serve food at their church picnic during the 8-10 AM shift. At the end of their shift, they noticed that the kitchen was still pretty busy, so they continued to help through the next shift. Most people would likely say their decision is an example of a(n) action. Answer: supererogatory [Show Less]
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Intro to Ethics – PHIL 200 Unit 2 Questions and Answers,100% CORRECT
Intro to Ethics – PHIL 200 Unit 2 Questions and Answers Unit 2 Challenge 1 Which of the following statements about divine comm... [Show More] and theory is true? Answer: Divine command theory states that what is right is wholly determined from God's command. Divine command theory states that God freely chooses what is right and what is wrong. Divine command theory is an objectivist moral theory. Norman learns from his pastor that God commands people to love one another. Thus according to divine command theory, loving one another is . Answer: obligatory Patricia abstains from eating pork because she believes God has commanded her to. Thus according to divine command theory, eating pork is . Answer: impermissible Oliver asks his rabbi if it's acceptable for him to swim in the ocean while visiting family in South Carolina. The rabbi tells him God has not said anything about swimming in the ocean. Thus according to divine command theory, swimming in the ocean is . Answer: neutral Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory? Answer: God says to forgive all people, but many crimes are thought to be unforgivable. God forbids eating meat from pigs, but many people say eating pork is a good thing. God forbids lying, but most people think lying is acceptable if it does good. Which of the following is an advantage of divine command theory? Answer: Divine command theory offers standards that originate outside of humanity. Divine command theory provides a source for ethical standards. Divine command theory offers a firm basis for ethics. Which of the following represents a challenge to the voluntarist option of divine command theory? Answer: If God changes, what is good and what is evil could also change. Which of the following represents a challenge to the intellectualist option of divine command theory? Answer: It goes against divine command theory's principle that God's command is free. Which of the following represents a challenge to divine command theory? Answer: Divine command theory does not offer directives for every situation. In a well-known Biblical story, Adam and Eve lived in a beautiful garden. They were allowed to eat anything they wished, except God forbade them from eating the fruit from one particular tree. Since Eve and Adam sampled the fruit from the forbidden tree, according to divine command theory, was this a right action or a wrong action? Answer: A wrong action because they disobeyed God’s command In a well-known Biblical story, God sent Jonah on an errand to deliver a message. Instead, Jonah went to sea on a ship. There was a terrible storm and Jonah was thrown overboard to save the others. Then God sent a great fish to swallow Jonah and save him. According to divine command theory, was Jonah’s decision to go to sea a right or a wrong action? Answer: A wrong action because God had commanded Jonah to do something else In a popular Bible story, God intends to flood the earth and commands Noah to build an ark to preserve his family and all the animals. According to divine command theory, if Noah had refused to build the ark, would that have been a right action or a wrong action? Answer: A wrong action because that would have been denying God’s command Unit 2 Challenge 2 Which of the following ideas does conventionalism profess? Answer: What is good in one culture could be evil in another. Which of the following is true of conventionalism? Answer: Conventionalism is not a single ethical theory, but a family of theories. Which of the following is a tenet of conventionalism? Answer: No culture is morally better or worse than any other culture. Charlie likes to put on elaborate theme parties on Friday evenings. Some people look down on him for doing so, but many people support and enjoy his parties. What would a conventionalist call this action in Charlie's culture? Answer: Neutral Becky belongs to a culture in which arriving early is thought to be impolite. What would a conventionalist call this action in Becky's culture? Answer: Impermissible The common practice in Arnold's culture is to remove one's shoes when entering a house. What would a conventionalist call this action in Arnold's culture? Answer: Obligatory When visiting the Czech Republic, Carolyn takes her children to a public park and notices that her children are much noisier than their peers. Carolyn wonders if perhaps Eastern Europeans view public parks differently. According to conventionalism, which action is most appropriate for Carolyn? Answer: Carolyn should tell her children to play more quietly. Isabel moved with her elderly mother to a culture in which it is mandatory that adult children care for their parents. As her mother ages and requires more care, Isabel considers placing her in a facility so that she can continue thriving in her own profession. According to conventionalism, which action is most appropriate for Isabel to take? Answer: She should continue to care for her mother in her own home. David hires a recent immigrant, Boris, from Russia as a computer tech in his company. Boris does not speak English well. David’s boss thinks this is a problem, but David does not. “He needs to learn the language if he’s going to live in America,” David's boss asserts. “But Boris doesn’t need to know the language in order to do his job,” returns David. According to conventionalism, who has the stronger ethical stance— David or his boss? Answer: The boss, because speaking English is a societal norm in American culture. Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism? Answer: Ingrid is looking for an ethical framework that respects local norms. Jeremiah is looking for an ethical framework that allows morality to change over time. Henry is looking for an ethical framework that can account for disagreement on right and wrong. Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument? Answer: Premise 1 is false because universal truths are not always easy to discover. Premise 1 is false because disagreement does not mean there is no objective truth. Premise 2 is false because many cultures agree on certain moral issues. Which statement expresses a shortcoming of conventionalism? Answer: There can be no intercultural evaluation of what is good. It is impossible to make evaluations across cultures. Because what is good is determined relative to a society or culture, one cannot apply universal standards. Unit 2 Challenge 3 Which of the following statements about egoism is true? Answer: Egoism is both a theory about how things are and about how things ought to be. Which type of egoism is the theory that humans are only capable of acting in their own self interest? Answer: Psychological egoism Which type of egoism is the theory that humans should act according to their own best interests? Answer: Ethical egoism Which of the following scenarios would be obligatory for an egoist? Answer: Jeanney steals her neighbor's newspaper because she doesn't want to pay for one herself. Which of the following scenarios would be neutral for an egoist? Answer: Ignatius wants to see two movies, but only has time for one, so he flips a coin to decide. Which of the following scenarios would be impermissible for an egoist? Answer: Hailey donates 10% of her paycheck to help feed the hungry out of a sense of duty, even though she would prefer to keep the money. According to egoism, all of the following are important ideas to consider on the issue of gun control laws in the United States, EXCEPT . Answer: an individual has an obligation to consider the safety of others You are a mechanic who can make more money by diagnosing and repairing nonexistent car problems. How might an egoist complete this statement? Charging people for unnecessary repairs is . Answer: wrong, because running an honest business will earn you more money in the long run Cheating on one’s spouse is widely rejected in most societies. How might an egoist complete this statement? Cheating on your spouse is permissible if . Answer: nothing bad happens to you as a result Which of the following statements supports egoism? Answer: It is a natural reaction in all humans to avoid pain or suffering. Society benefits when individuals succeed. Important innovations are often made by those seeking their own self interests. Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism? Answer: Respect for all people is often thought of as a good thing, but it is inconsistent with egoism. Selfless heroism is often respected and admired, but it's not consistent with egoism. Empathy is often thought of a a good trait, but it's not consistent with egoism. Choose the action that is supported by egoism, but might seem unethical. Answer: Taking credit for work that your colleague completed, so you can impress your boss. Hiring a company to clean your neighbor's lot without their permission so your property value will increase. Protesting a family who has rented an apartment in your building because you do not want them as neighbors. Unit 2 Milestone Which of the following statements would you expect to hear from a conventionalist? Answer: "Morality cannot be compared across cultural borders." Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism? Answer: Mara is looking for an ethical framework that can account for changing cultural attitudes. Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true? Answer: Divine command theory states that God's command is the only way to know right from wrong. Michelle is visiting a Muslim country. She doesn't know what to expect because she knows that some Muslim societies expect women to wear a head-scarf when they are outdoors. When she gets off of the airplane, Michelle immediately notices that all the women in the airport are wearing head-scarves. According to conventionalism, which action would be most appropriate for Michelle to take? Answer: Buy a head-scarf and put it on. Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory? Answer: God says, "Woe to those who are rich," but many people strive for wealth. According to an egoist, working hard to succeed in order to take care of oneself and one’s needs is good because . Answer: individual flourishing is the sole basis for ethics Which of the following statements supports egoism? Answer: A flourishing society requires flourishing individuals. The idea that people ought to act only in their own self interest is part of what kind of egoism? Answer: Ethical egoism Which of the following statements in support of divine command theory is true? Answer: Divine command theory can be a source of comfort. Which of the following scenarios would be impermissible for an egoist? Answer: Kevin works late, even though he doesn't get paid and has nothing to gain from it. Most people in Dave's culture volunteer an hour every other week at a local food shelf. In addition to this, Dave also helps coordinate volunteers and fills in for people who can't make their hour. What would a conventionalist call Dave's actions? Answer: Supererogatory Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument? Answer: A lot of cultures agree that murder, stealing, and lying are wrong. Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism? Answer: Because good is determined by self-interest, the egoist cannot judge the actions of others. After moving to a new city, Rachel continues to support her hometown's baseball team. A friend tells her she has to support her new city's team, but Rachel points out that God hasn't said anything on the matter. In Rachel's view, her action is according to divine command theory. Answer: neutral [Show Less]
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Intro to Ethics – PHIL 200 Unit 3 Questions and Answers,100% CORRECT
Intro to Ethics – PHIL 200 Unit 3 Questions and Answers Unit 3 Challenge 1 For a utilitarian, which consideration is most important? Answer: The c... [Show More] onsequences of an action Why is utilitarianism an objectivist or relativist theory? Answer: Utilitarianism is objectivist because it asserts that everyone should act to increase utility. Which of the following considerations is important for a utilitarian when evaluating the morality of an action? Answer: How many people the action affects Elizabeth likes drinking coffee from a certain company which treats its farmers poorly and pollutes the environment. How would a utilitarian classify Elizabeth's action? Answer: Impermissible Frank is considering donating the excess from a recent bonus to a local shelter instead of spending it on himself. How would a utilitarian classify this action? Answer: Obligatory Gerrie steals from her neighbor's family to feed hers. Her neighbor's two kids go hungry, but her two kids get fed. How would a utilitarian classify this action? Answer: Neutral David is the wealthiest resident in his neighborhood. Some of his poorer neighbors have hacked his wireless internet so they can save money for more important things like food and health insurance. Many people say this action is immoral— that it’s a type of theft. How might it be evaluated by a utilitarian? Answer: Hacking David’s internet is morally right because it brings about happiness for his neighbors, who can’t afford it otherwise, without any harm to him. An ethics teacher promises to bring in cookies if every student gets an A on their homework today. But Gina forgot to do her ethics homework, so she pulls the fire alarm right when her ethics class is supposed to start. By the time the school is evacuated and any possibility of a fire ruled out, it’s time for the next class. Gina thus ends up with another day to finish her assignment and get an A. Many people would say this action is immoral. How might it be evaluated by a utilitarian? Answer: Pulling the fire alarm is morally right because it will prevent the unhappiness Gina, her classmates, and her teacher would otherwise have, without any real negative consequences. Tabitha’s neighbors are annoyed by the types of plants she grows in her yard. After several attempts at talking to her, digging up her plants in the night, and even running her out of the neighborhood, Tabitha’s annoying behavior has not changed. One neighbor suggests they just kill her. Most people would agree that such an action is clearly immoral. How might it be evaluated by a utilitarian? Answer: Killing Tabitha is morally right because the happiness it brings all her neighbors will outweigh the harm to her. Which of the following represents act utilitarianism? Answer: Neil sends his children to bed without supper because they need to learn to behave properly. Larry stops supporting a local charity because he doesn't agree with some of its work. Which of the following represents rule utilitarianism? Answer: Marie takes her son to the hospital after he gets injured playing with fire because she would do so for any injury. Which of the following pairs of goods are probably different in kind according to idealist utilitarianism? Answer: A human life and a good movie On which of the following statements would a hedonic utilitarian and an idealist utilitarian disagree? Answer: Some goods are different in kind. Which of the following pairs of goods are directly comparable according to hedonic utilitarianism? Answer: All of the answer choices are correct. Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with utilitarianism? Answer: Trevor is looking for an ethical framework that considers the needs of others. Ursula is looking for an ethical framework that is based on empirically discoverable facts. Vincent is looking for an ethical framework that benefits the most people possible. Richard is trying to decide whether or not to donate to a fund to save children in Africa from a recent famine. His friend suggests taking a utilitarian approach to the issue, so Richard makes a list of possible actions he could take. Choose the statement from Richard’s list that reveals a possible problem with utilitarianism. Answer: If I don’t donate, I’m responsible for the death of a child. Rosemary has been asked to make a large donation to purchase mosquito netting to reduce the threat of malaria in Africa. Her husband suggests she take a utilitarian approach to the issue, so Rosemary makes a list of possible actions she could take. Choose the action from Rosemary’s list that reveals a possible problem with utilitarianism. Answer: I will be responsible for additional deaths from malaria if I do not donate. Ira has been asked to donate a large sum of money to fund a school for girls in a Middle Eastern country. His wife suggests he take a utilitarian approach to the issue, so Ira makes a list of possible actions he could take. Choose the action from Ira’s list that reveals a possible problem with utilitarianism. Answer: I would feel responsible for denying girls an education if I do not donate the money. Which statement describes a disadvantage of utilitarianism? Answer: People have a natural tendency to show favoritism toward loved ones. Decisions are not made quickly because decision-makers must consider who will be affected. Which statement describes an advantage of utilitarianism? Answer: It is good for people to consider the effects of their actions on others. Unit 3 Challenge 2 The categorical imperative is a concept in Kantian deontology that fulfills the role of a(n) that is binding for all people in all circumstances. Answer: moral law Which statement about Kantian deontology is true? Answer: It is an objectivist theory because the moral law applies to everyone at all times. It is an objectivist theory because ethics is independent of circumstances and must be the same for everyone. According to Kantian deontology, which of the following would make an act permissible? Answer: My intention is good. It doesn't violate the categorical imperative. According to Kantian deontology, which of the following would make an act impermissible? Answer: It violates the categorical imperative. What is meant by the formulation of universal law? Answer: Acting according to a maxim everyone can use When evaluating an act according to Kantian deontology, which do we evaluate? Answer: The maxim The statement, "I will water my plant when it gets droopy in order to keep it healthy," is a(n) . Answer: maxim For Kant, what constitutes humanity? Answer: Faculties like reason and freedom Which of the following best summarizes the formulation of humanity? Answer: We must respect the humanity of others at all times. Which of the following violates a person's humanity, according to Kant? Answer: Lying to someone How would a Kantian deontologist evaluate murder? Answer: It is morally wrong because it violates the victim's humanity. How would a Kantian deontologist evaluate lying? Answer: It is morally wrong because if everyone did it, nobody could be trusted anymore. How might a Kantian deontologist evaluate stealing? Answer: It is morally wrong because if everyone stole, nobody could be trusted not to steal. Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with Kantian deontology? Answer: Elijah is looking for an ethical framework that gives a basis for objective rules. Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with Kantian deontology? Answer: Delilah is looking for an ethical framework that respects people's value. Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with Kantian deontology? Answer: Carl is looking for an ethical framework that considers a person's intentions. Which of the following represents a potential problem for Kantian deontology? Answer: Ignorance makes it easier to get away with bad actions. Which of the following represents a potential problem for Kantian deontology? Answer: Feelings have no place in ethical discussions. Which of the following represents a potential problem for Kantian deontology? Answer: Unintended effects have no impact on a person's moral character. Billy and Alex worked together on their high school research papers, even though their teacher told them not to. They did not help each other that much, so they are certain it was not a big deal. A few days after turning their papers in, the teacher held them both after class. She said, “Billy, Alex, your papers were both very good, the best in the class. But because you had similar topics, I just wanted to make sure you did not collaborate. Did you?” Billy thinks for a moment. If the teacher knew how little they helped each other, she probably would not mind. But if he tells the truth, that will not matter. What would a Kantian deontologist say that Billy and Alex should do? Answer: They should tell the teacher they worked together because even though lying is easiest and represents no negative consquences for the teacher, it cannot stand as a universal law. Frank's daughter Jenna is sick. They visit the hospital and the doctor says that if Jenna does not get a certain medicine, she will probably die. Unfortunately, Frank cannot afford the medicine. He notices recent improvements to the hospital and suspects it must be making a lot of money by raising the prices of medicines. On his way out, Frank notices an open drawer stuffed with vials full of the medicine Jenna needs. He does not see anyone around and knows he could take some of the medicine without anyone noticing. What would a Kantian deontologist say that Frank should do? Answer: Frank should not take the medicine because stealing cannot hold up as universal law, regardless of the potentially good consequences. A friend is staying at my house. I hear a knock at the door and open it to find a gang of armed men. They ask if my friend is in the house. I want to say no so they will go away, but I also want to say yes because that is the truth. Does this situation present a problem for Kantian deontological ethics? Answer: Yes, because Kantian ethics does not provide a clear way of handling conflicting moral duties. Unit 3 Milestone Claire is helping her elderly neighbor, Ms. Flannigan, with some yard work. Ms. Flannigan has no close family and tells Claire that she is beginning to wonder who will get the small bundles of cash she has hidden throughout her large house. Ms. Flannigan even remarks that she cannot remember where she has hidden them all. After helping Ms. Flannigan, Claire goes inside to freshen up. In the bathroom she notices a large wad of cash tucked inside the medicine cabinet. Which action is supported by utilitarianism but intuitively seems unethical? Answer: Claire takes the money and donates it to the food kitchen that feeds the community’s homeless population. According to Kantian deontology, which of the following would make an act permissible? Answer: It is done with good intent. I come home and my apartment building is on fire. There is a family of five living in the apartment next to mine and only my mother in my apartment. I can only evacuate one apartment. What is a problem with applying utilitarianism to this scenario? Answer: Utilitarianism says I should evacuate the apartment that has five occupants, even though my mother is more important to me. Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with utilitarianism? Answer: Adelaide is looking for an ethical framework that takes future generations into consideration. Emma isn’t sure how she’s going to continue providing for her family. In a moment of desperation, she steals a bag of groceries from the store. Many people would say that stealing is wrong. How might this action be evaluated by a utilitarian? Answer: Emma’s action is morally right because the overall happiness it brings her family is greater than the decrease in happiness it brings the store. Which of the following pairs of goods are directly comparable according to hedonic utilitarianism? Answer: All of the answer choices are correct. What is meant by the formulation of humanity? Answer: Other people must be treated as ends, not only as means. Which of the following represents a potential problem for Kantian deontology? Answer: A person who isn't aware of committing a crime can't be guilty of it. How might a Kantian deontologist evaluate assisted suicide? Answer: It is morally wrong because it deprives a person of his or her humanity. Which of the following considerations is important for a utilitarian when evaluating the morality of an action? Answer: How likely it is to bring about happiness Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with Kantian deontology? Answer: Helen is looking for an ethical framework that respects the freedom of others. Which of the following represents act utilitarianism? Answer: Penelope works because she needs money for rent and food. How would a Kantian deontologist evaluate an action? Answer: By evaluating the relevant maxim Jerome gets injured helping a distressed swimmer. Jerome dies, but the swimmer lives. How would a utilitarian classify Jerome's action? Answer: Neutral Which statement about Kantian deontology is true? Answer: It is an objectivist theory because ethics must be determined by pure reason and apply to all persons. [Show Less]
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Intro to Ethics – PHIL 200 Unit 4 Challenge 1 to 4 milestone,100% CORRECT
Intro to Ethics – PHIL 200 Unit 4 Challenge 1 to 4 milestone Unit 4 Challenge 1 Which of the following best defines virtue-based ethic... [Show More] s? Answer: An ethical theory that emphasizes moral character over principles. A theory of ethics that asserts that actions reveal and reinforce personal characteristics Choose the true statement about virtue-based ethics. Answer: Actions are evaluated based on how the action reveals the actor’s character. Jean lies to her boss about not feeling well so she can stay home and watch her favorite shows. How might a virtue-based ethicist classify this action? Answer: Impermissible Laura wears a lot of green because it nicely compliments her red hair. How might a virtue-based ethicist classify this action? Answer: Neutral Kevin reads for 30 minutes every afternoon to improve his intellect. How might a virtue-based ethicist classify this action? Answer: Obligatory Lucy overheard her parents talking about her beloved Uncle Paul and was shocked to learn that he had been arrested that day. “What?” she shouted, betraying her secret listening spot beneath the dining room table. “What?” Lucy’s mother frowned, but quickly reassured her daughter. “He was protesting the new oil pipeline outside of town, dear. Typical Paul. He’ll be fine.” According to virtue-based ethics, Paul’s act of protest is evaluated based on how his action reveals and is considered permissible because it demonstrates his commitment to protecting the Earth. Answer: character PJ is student-teaching in an elementary school, and her roommate, Maya, is student-teaching at a different elementary school. At night in their apartment, they both work on lesson plans as well as their required college coursework. Maya is struggling with aligning standards to her lesson plans and asks PJ to help her understand the process. PJ wants to be more successful than Maya, so she lies and tells her roommate that she does not have time to help her. According to virtue-based ethics, PJ’s refusal to help her roommate is evaluated based on how her action reveals character. The refusal is considered impermissible because it demonstrates the cultivation of a(n) . Answer: vice Roger dashed into his burning house to retrieve some objects of sentimental value, and the doorway collapsed behind him. Firefighters were forced to follow and pull him from the inferno. Roger’s wife thanked her husband for his courage in entering the burning house, but the fire chief reprimanded him for putting firefighters in danger. He called Roger’s act reckless and foolish. According to virtue-based ethics, Roger’s action is evaluated based on how it reveals character. It is difficult to determine how the action informs Roger's character. Therefore, the action has results. Answer: ambiguous Which of the following people would be most satisfied with virtue-based ethics? Answer: Ryan is looking for an ethical system that focuses on what kind of a person he is. Trent is looking for an ethical system that is about cultivating the best version of himself. Sadie is looking for an ethical system that focuses on being good, not just on doing good things. Which of the following critiques represents a challenge to virtue-based ethics? Answer: It can be unclear how to develop certain virtues. There isn't a clear list of virtues. It can be tough to distinguish between feelings and virtues. Which action, while seemingly good, may reveal a vice rather than a virtue? Answer: Brian really loves his mother’s cooking and overeats every time she cooks for him. Maggie wears the same clothes and drives the same car as her sister because she envies her sister’s lifestyle. A former candidate for public office is asked about a generous donation he had made to a local charity. The candidate stated, “I made that donation when I was running for office last year because, you know, politicians are supposed to do that sort of thing. But to be honest, I would get that money back if I could.” How might a virtue ethicist evaluate the politician’s action in donating the money? Answer: The donation revealed the candidate acted with the vice of insincerity. Unit 4 Challenge 2 The ethical position that emphasizes an action as an expression of the type of person you are is . Answer: virtue-based ethics Consequentialism, deontology, and character ethics evaluate actions differently. Select the basis for moral value used by character ethics. Answer: Kantian ethics. A quality or trait Three people of differing ethical positions witness a child stealing candy from a store. One observer remarks, “What a greedy little kid!” The speaker is most likely a . Answer: character ethicist Choose the statement that exemplifies deonotology. Answer: Donating to charity is good because we have an obligation to help the poor. Choose the statement that exemplifies character ethics. Answer: Telling the truth is good because everyone should be honest. "I don't give money to beggars because when I was young, my dad told me they're all drug addicts who just want my money for more drugs." Which of the following sources of bias is apparent in this quotation? Answer: Upbringing "I work security at a grocery store to prevent people from stealing food. Every now and then when the checkout lines are too long, I take a snack without paying for it." Which of the following sources of bias is apparent in this quotation? Answer: Self-interest Select the statement that reveals familiarity as a source of bias in ethical evaluation. Answer: I think Middle Eastern women’s clothing is oppressive because it is so different from the Western clothing that I’m used to. Which of the following statements displays the speaker's unfair bias? Answer: "I rejected an offer on my house because the buyer had too many children." "I'm voting for Katie for student body president because she's friends with my older sister." "I hired Walt to be the new VP of Learning because he and I belong to the same political party." Carlie believes that every person should demonstrate courage when given the opportunity. Which of the following actions is inconsistent with her belief? Answer: Carlie takes the long way to the bathroom because she is intimidated by her boss, whose office is along the short way. Bennet believes that every person should stick with what they start. Which of the following actions is inconsistent with his belief? Answer: Bennet quits piano lessons because his skill isn't improving fast enough. Ainsley believes that every person should have to work hard to get ahead. Which of the following actions is inconsistent with her belief? Answer: Ainsley leaves her children a large inheritance that they can live off of for the rest of their lives. Unit 4 Challenge 3 "Capital punishment is morally acceptable, because the Torah says certain crimes are to be punished with execution." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Answer: Divine command theory "Capital punishment is morally wrong because it makes me feel uneasy." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Answer: Egoism "Capital punishment is morally acceptable because a recent study found that 54% of Americans are in favor of it." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Answer: Conventionalism "It would have been morally acceptable for Hitler's mother to have an abortion, since Hitler was responsible for countless deaths." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Answer: Utilitarianism "Abortion is morally wrong, since it is a violation of the fetus' humanity." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Answer: Kantian deontology "Abortion is morally wrong because it demonstrates a lack of responsibility." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Answer: Virtue-based ethics "Charity is not obligatory in societies that value self-reliance." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Answer: Conventionalism "I earned my money; the beggars on the street did not." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Answer: Egoism "The accumulation of wealth is morally wrong because Jesus said, 'Woe to you that are rich' in Luke 6:24." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Answer: Divine command theory "It is morally wrong to refrain from eating meat because humans are meant to, as evidenced by our teeth and digestive system." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Answer: Kantian deontology "Eating meat is morally acceptable if a person is comfortable with it and likes the taste." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Answer: Egoism "Farming and killing animals is morally acceptable since meat, milk, and other animal products help human society flourish." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Answer: Utilitarianism Unit 4 Milestone "Treating animals inhumanely is morally wrong because it shows insensitivity on the part of the farmer." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Answer: Virtue-based ethics Which of the following critiques represents a challenge to virtue-based ethics? Answer: Two people might disagree on whether something is a virtue. Tom passed the same homeless person each day as he walked to work. The homeless person never asked for money, but one day Tom stops and hands the man a $10 bill. According to virtue-based ethics, Tom’s action is unethical if he . Answer: gives the man money out of a sense of superiority "Capital punishment is morally wrong because killing people is always wrong, no matter what." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Answer: Kantian deontology "Abortion is morally wrong because it is murder, and murder is forbidden in the Bible." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Answer: Divine command theory Which of the following people would be most satisfied with virtue-based ethics? Answer: Abner is looking for an ethical system that is about more than just doing good. "People who are generous help those in need however they can." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Answer: Virtue-based ethics Which action, while seemingly good, may reveal a vice rather than a virtue? Answer: Carol gives a homeless man $10 to move away from her office building. Select the statement that reveals upbringing as a source of bias in ethical evaluation. Answer: I never talk back to the teacher because, as a child, my parents taught me to respect educators. Natalie helps her brother move into his new home. How might a virtue-based ethicist classify this action? Answer: Obligatory Choose the true statement about virtue-based ethics. Answer: According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, character is more important than actions. The ethical position that evaluates the morality of an action solely on the results of that action is . Answer: consequentialism Which of the following statements displays the speaker's unfair bias? Answer: "We're accepting Kim to our college because her parents are big donors." Choose the statement that exemplifies consequentialism. Answer: Lying is impermissible because it causes others to mistrust you. Derreck believes that every person should keep his or her word. Which of the following actions is inconsistent with his belief? Answer: Derreck had promised his daughter a puppy if she got straight As, but he makes up a new condition after the fact so he doesn't have to fulfill the promise. [Show Less]
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