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CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-PART ONE EXAM LECTURE NOTES QUESTIONS & ANSWERS CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2023 ,CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY STUDY Q'S EXAM 1 2023 A+ REVIEW
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Clinical Psychology - Exam 1 Study Guide 2023 Update
Clinical Psychology - Exam 1 Study Guide 2023 Update Clinical Psychology - Involves rigorous study and applied practice directed toward understanding ... [Show More] and improving the psychological facts of the human experience, including but not limited to issues or problems of behavior, emotions, or intellect Scientist-practitioner model (Boulder model) - Psychotherapy and research blend Practitioner-scholar model (Vial model) - More training in applied clinical skills and less focus on research (PsyD) Clinical Scientist model - very strong research model Three Graduate program models - Clinical Scientist model, Practitioner-scholar model, and Scientist-practitioner model Predoctoral internship - One year but documented in hours; best are APA approved) Postdoctoral internship - One year under licensed psychologist Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) - Minimum score is 500 (35% do not pass first time) Compare PhD programs to PsyD programs - - PhD: Research emphasis - PsyD: Enroll more students, Accept students with lower GRE scores and GPAs, have less funding for students - Graduate students who pursue practice-related careers rather than academic or research-related careers Requirements for being licensed as a clinical psychologist - - Ph.D. or Psy.D - Postdoctoral training (one year under licensed psychologist - EPPP (Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology) minimum score is 500 (35% do not pass first time) - Continuing education units (attending workshops, taking courses, undergoing additional specialized training, passing exams over specific readings, etc) Primary area of employment of the clinical psychologist - - Private Practice (most common) Hospitals Medical Settings Community Mental Health Centers Universities Veterans Affairs What clinical psychologists do for employment? - Psychotherapy (foremost), Assessment and Testing, Teaching/Supervision, Prescribe medication (in some states) Counseling psychologists v. clinical psychologists - Clinical: work with more seriously disturbed populations; tend to work more often in settings such as hospitals and inpatient psychiatric units; tend to endorse behaviorism more strongly Counseling Psychologists: work with less seriously disturbed individuals; tend to work more often in university counseling centers; tend to endorse humanistic/client-centered approaches more strongly Psychiatrist v. psychologist - Psychiatrists: medical school; prescribe medications Social workers v. psychologists - - Social Workers: psychotherapy and transition to the community; typically earn a master's degree; trained to use social services and programs to help individuals - Psychologists: Often earn PhD; trained to use research and evaluation to help individuals School psychologists v. clinical psychologist - - School: work in schools, day-care centers, correctional facilities; frequently conduct psychological testing to determine diagnoses; use and develop programs designed to meet the educational and emotional needs of students - Clinical: work with more seriously disturbed populations; tend to work more often in settings such as hospitals and inpatient psychiatric units; tend to endorse behaviorism more strongly Professional counselors - Offer career, school, addiction, couple/family, college counseling; licensed professional counselors (LPCs); work generally involves counseling, with very little emphasis on psychological testing or conducting research; serve wide varieties of clients in community agencies William Tuke (early pioneer) - (England) - devoted his life to improving conditions in mental hospitals and raised funds to open the York Retreat (model for psychiatric hospitals) Philippe Pinel (early pioneer) - (France) - liberated the mentally ill; went to great lengths to convince contemporaries that the mentally ill deserved compassion and hope rather than maltreatment and scorn; advocated for the staff to include in their treatment of each patient a case history, ongoing treatment notes, and an illness classification of some kind Eli Todd (early pioneer) - (America) - physician in Connecticut who opened the Retreat in Hartford-allowed patients to have significant input into their treatment Dorothea Dix (early pioneer) - Established more than 30 state institutions in the U.S.; traveled city to city, collected data on their treatment of the mentally ill, and presented... [Show Less]
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Clinical Psychology Exam 1 Chapters 1-7 Exam Review 2023 A+
Clinical Psychology Exam 1 Chapters 1-7 Exam Review 2023 A+ Clinical psychology - ANS-involves rigorous study and applied practice directed toward unde... [Show More] rstanding and improving the psychological facts of the human experience, including but not limited to issues or problems of behavior, emotions, or intellect. Scientist-practitioner model (Boulder model) - ANS-psychotherapy and research blend; training in psychology should jointly emphasize both practice and research blend; graduate student need to receive training and display competence in the application of clinical methods and the research methods necessary to study and evaluate the field scientifically. Predoctoral internship - ANS-consists of a full year of supervised clinical experience in an applied setting-a psychiatric hospital, a VA medical center, a university counseling center, a community mental health center, a medical school, or another agency where clinical psychologists work; takes place before PhD/PsyD is awarded. Postdoctoral internship - ANS-lasts 1 to 2 years, and it is essentially a step up from the predoctoral internship. Postdocs take on more responsibility than in predocs, but they remain under supervision. Upon completing postdoc, you become licensed to practice independently. Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) - ANS-EPPP is a standardized multiple-choice exam on a board range of psychology topics; all U.S. states and most provinces in Canada establish a minimum score for licensure; taken after completing Phd/PsyD requirements Compare PhD programs to PsyD programs - ANS-a. PhD: research emphasis, research assistance experience. b. PsyD: enroll more students, accept students with lower GRE scores and GPAs, have less funding for students. Requirements for being licensed as a clinical psychologist - ANS-PhD or PsyD, postdoctoral training (one year under licensed psychologist), EPPP (minimum score = 500, 35% do not pass first time), CEUs What authorizes a clinician to pracitce? - ANS-Licensure Most common work setting of a clinical psychologist? - ANS-private practices What is the most common activity of a psychologist within a private practice? - ANStherapy What clinical psychologists do for employment? - ANS-psychotherapy, assessment and testing, teach, prescribe medication in some states. Counseling psychologists v. clinical psychologists - ANS-a. Counseling psychologists: work with less pathological (disturbed) individual and work and complete internships more often in setting such as university counseling centers. b. Clinical psychologists: more seriously disturbed individuals and work and complete internships more often in settings such as hospitals and inpatient psychiatric units. Psychiatrist v. psychologist - ANS-Psychiatrist: go to medical school and are licensed as physicians; can prescribe medication and training emphasizes biology to such an extent that disorders are viewed first and foremost as physiological abnormalities of the brain. Social workers v. psychologists - ANS-Social workers: focused their work on the interaction between an individual and the components of society that may contribute to or alleviate the individual's problems; psychotherapy and transition into the community; get into the homes and workplaces of clients; requires only a master's degree... [Show Less]
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Clinical Psychology Exam 1 Practice Test (UIowa) 100% Correct Review Update 2023
Clinical Psychology Exam 1 Practice Test (UIowa) 100% Correct Review Update 2023 Which profession serves as the major front line provider of psychosocial... [Show More] (not pharmacologic) mental health services? A. Clinical Psychologist B. Nurse Practitioner C. Counseling Psychologist D. Social Worker E. None of the above - ANS-D. Social Worker Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good measure? A. It is objective B. It is useful C. It is reliable D. It is valid E. It has magnitude - ANS-E. It has magnitude What does it mean for a measure to be reliable? A. It is always available B. It measures what it claims to measure C. It is standardized D. It is precise and consistent E. It tells us something we didn't already know - ANS-D. It is precise and consistent A measure that accurately assesses the construct (or concept) of interest is considered A. Reliable B. Valid C. Useful D. Objective E. None of the above. - ANS-B. Valid True or False: Claims about how well we can predict and treat clinical phenomena frequently are stronger than are justified by the data. A. True B. False - ANS-A. True True or False: Claims that cannot be replicated independently across studies, laboratories, and methods are not scientific (or outside the realm of science) A. True B. False - ANS-A. True Which of the following accurately describes how evidence-based approaches are used in a typical contemporary clinical setting in the United States? A. Assessment in contemporary clinical psychology is highly scientifically grounded B. Most people in therapy in the United States receive evidence-based psychotherapy C. Clinicians often draw primarily from their personal experience to treat clients instead of relying primarily on evidencebased methods D. Clinicians often update their treatment methods to include new techniques that have been shown to be effective E. None of the above - ANS-C. Clinicians often draw primarily from their personal experience to treat clients instead of relying on primarily evidence-based methods True or False: If a clinician uses a treatment that has not been evaluated in the anxiety research literature but that her clients tell her has helped with their anxiety, she is using an evidence-based treatment. A. True B. False - ANS-B. False In which of the following activities can a clinical psychologist engage? A. Public policy B. Teaching C. Clinic administration D. Service provision E. All of the above - ANS-E. All of the Above True or False: Pseudoscience refers to strong claims with weak (or no) empirical evidence supporting them. A. True B. False - ANS-A. True Scientifically based claims A. Are based on anecdotal evidence B. Use subjective measurement strategies C. Are falsifiable D. Are stronger than supported by the evidence E. Show diverging support across studies - ANS-C. Are Falsifiable True or False: The sciencepractice gap refers to the relative lack of reliance on evidence-based assessment and treatment strategies in mental health care. A. True B. False - ANS-A. True True or False: Widely held beliefs can be well-intentioned but incorrect. A. True B. False - ANS-A. True True or False: Clinical psychology produces highly replicable results. A. True B. False - ANS-B. True If a new measure of suicidality does a better job than existing measures of predicting a suicide attempt, then we say that measure A. Has reliability B. Has validity C. Has utility D. Has objectivity - ANS-B. Has validity Referring to a new measure of neuroticism as highly standardized is commenting on its A. Utility B. Reliability C. Validity D. Objectivity - ANS-D. Objectivity Suppose that a new measure of weight concern is administered three times to a large sample of undergraduates. The researcher notes that the scores for individual undergraduates are highly consistent -- for example, those who show greater weight concern at the first assessment are very likely to show greater weight concern at the second and third assessment. This suggests that the new measure is A. Valid B. Reliable C. Useful D. Objective - ANS-B. Reliable Which of the following are relevant factors for defining abnormality? A. Distress B. Harm to self or others C. Developmental stage D. A and C E. All of the above - ANS-E. All of the Above A clinical syndrome is a very severe symptom. A. True B. False - ANS-B. False Which of the following is an exclusion criterion for a mental disorder? A. Distress B. Harm to self or others C. Conflict between individual and society D. Increased risk E. Interference or impairment - ANS-C. Conflict between individual and society Which of the following statements is true? A. Depression and anxiety diagnosis are not commonly comorbid B. Including a disorder in the DSM increases the likelihood that someone struggling with it will be eligible for third-party payment for clinical services C. Interrater reliability is now acceptable for all diagnoses in the DSM-5 D. Diagnostic validity is now acceptable for all diagnoses in the DSM-5 E. A and B - ANS-B. Including a disorder in the DSM increases the likelihood that someone struggling with it will be eligible for third-party payment for clinical services True or False: Deviant behavior that is neither harmful nor impairing typically would receive a diagnosis of a mental disorder. A. True B. False - ANS-B. False Someone might receive an "unspecified" diagnosis within a particular diagnostic category in DSM-5 for not meeting the frequency or duration criteria for named disorders in the category. Continues... [Show Less]
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Clinical Psychology Exam 1 Questions And Answers A+ Review
Clinical Psychology Exam 1 Questions And Answers A+ Review "Clinical psychology" first used - ANS-•1907 by Lightner Witmer •Originally defined as s... [Show More] imilar to medicine, education, and sociology Witmer was the first - ANS-operate a psychological clinic. a. the first clients were - children with behavioral or educational problems. B. According to Witmer's definition, a clinical psychologist was a person - whose work with others involved aspects of 1. treatment: method 2. education: Psych. education ( educate that person about diagnosis). 3. interpersonal issues: The relationship between the psychologist and person is very important. It is critical for the relationship. Miller and wonpo suggest that - ANS-the relationship between patient and psychologist is the single best indicator if patient will get better. Recent definitions More Recent Definitions of Clinical psychology - ANS-- Tremendous growth has resulted in a very broad, hard-to-define field A.Brief definitions emphasize the study, assessment, and treatment of people with psychological problems B. More detailed definitions (e.g., Division 12 of APA) are more inclusive and descriptive Concise definitions fall short of capturing the field in its entirety. Contemporary clinical psychologists do many different things, with many different goals, for many different people. APA Division 12 Definition of Clinical Psychology - ANS-"The field of Clinical Psychology integrates science, theory, and practice to understand, predict, and alleviate maladjustment, disability, and discomfort as well as to promote human adaptation, adjustment, and personal development. Clinical Psychology focuses on the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects of human functioning across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic levels." (APA, 2012) - An accurate, comprehensive, contemporary definition of clinical psychology needs to be more inclusive and descriptive, such as that provided by the APA. - The field and practitioners of clinical psychology continue to outgrow classical definitions. Comparison of PsyD and PhD - ANS-A. PhD - Emphasize practice and research - Smaller classes - Lower acceptance rate -Typically in university departments -Offer more funding to students - Greater success in placing students in APA-accredited internships B. PsyD - Emphasize practice over research -Larger classes -Greater acceptance rate -Often in free-standing professional schools -Offer less funding to students -Less success in placing students in APA-accredited internships Education and Training in Clinical Psychology - ANS-Commonalities among most training programs oDoctoral degree- going into a program with a bachelor's degree. oMost enter with bachelor's, some with master's degree oRequired coursework oThesis/dissertation oPredoctoral internship (more information in later slides) - WV: Licensed master's in psychology. - About 3,000 doctoral degrees in clinical psychology are awarded each year. Education and Training: Specialty Tracks - ANS-In recent decades, specialty tracks have emerged, including: oChild oHealth oForensic oFamily oNeuropsychology - More than half of APA-accredited doctoral programs offer (but may not require) training within a specialty track. * Get a degree that allows you to get a license (go broad and then specialize). Three Models of Training - ANS-1. Scientist-practitioner model (or Boulder model):Created in 1949 in boulder Colorado at a conference.Emphasized both practice and research.Balances Clinical practice with scientific research. a. Graduate students would need to receive training and display competence in the application of clinical methods (assessment, psychotherapy, etc.) and the research methods necessary to scientifically study and evaluate the field. - These graduate programs would continue to be housed in departments of psychology at universities, and graduates would be awarded the PhD degree. 2. Practitioner-scholar model (or Vail model): Created in 1973 at a conference in Vail, CO. This Spends more time doing clinical work with patients rather than clinical work and research. Leans towards clinical practice. Higher acceptance rates and larger classes. Proliferated in recent years- Come with a PsyD rather than a PHD. a. PsyD - Clinical focused internships doesn't care about APA- accredited internships. They are not research focused. * In the 1988 to 2001 time period alone, the number of PsyD degrees awarded increased by more than 160%. 3. Clinical scientist model:- Emerged in the 1990's. Reaction to Vail Model. Leans towards research. Trains researchers rather than practitioners A. Richard McFall's 1991 "Manifesto for a Science of Clinical Psychology" sparked this movement: The Academy of Psychological Clinical Science was founded at a conference at Indiana University. Graduate programs who are members of the Academy endorse McFall's views. For examples of graduate programs that adhere to each of the three training models. Examples are also provided in subsequent slides. - A subset of PhD institutions who strongly endorse empiricism and science Three Models of Training Example - ANS-R T P - Theory drives both research and practice. Research to test theories. - Theories inform our practice. - Research influences theory and practice. - As we research, we revise theories. - Research also informs practice. - Practice influences theory and research. - Practice informs theory and research Will lean to one part of the triangle, all three are important. Emerging Trends in Training - ANS-A. Technology •Use of webcams for supervision •Computer-based assessment (MMPI) B.Competencies (outcome-based skills) •Skills that a student must demonstrate •E.g., Intervention, assessment, research, etc. (Multicultural, Group theory competencies). *Emphasizing competencies ensures that the students who graduate from clinical psychology programs will not only have earned good grades on exams, papers, and other academic tasks, but will be able to apply what they have learned as well. Continues... [Show Less]
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Clinical Psychology Exam Notes 2023
Clinical Psychology Exam Notes 2023 Contemporary Clinical Psychology - Focuses on psychological phenomena encountered in a clinical context -Proliferat... [Show More] ion of pseudoscientific understandings, assessments, and treatments Characteristics of Scientific Clinical Psychology - Claims can be tested empirically via systematic, data-based investigation Measurement strategies are: -Objective -Reliable -Valid -Useful Findings can be replicated independently Potential alternative explanations for finding specified and examined empirically Strength of claims reflects strength of evidence Challenges Facing Scientific Clinical Psychology - -Clinical "pseudoscience" more prevalent than clinical science -Empirical evidence frequently dismissed as irrelevant -Overstatement of >Understanding clinical phenomena >Precision of assessments >Accuracy of predictions >Treatment effectiveness Examples of challenges facing Clinical Psychology - -Formulas based on research literature predicts violence better than clinical psychologists -Hypnosis and recovered memory techniques do not reliably uncover accurate memories -Most children of alcoholics do not become alcoholics -Several commonly used assessment strategies have serious problems Roughly __% of people will meet criteria for a mental disorder at some point in their life - 75% What is abnormality? - Abnormality is relative to circumstance, culture, context, etc Varied of potential relative factors: -Societal -Generation gaps -Developmental stages -Comfort and distress What is a mental disorder? - Syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. Inclusion Criteria - Have to have at least of 1 of these 2 things in order to be classified as having a mental disorder 1. Distress: painful or upsetting 2. Disability: Impairment in functioning ` Exclusion criteria - If you have one of these, you can not be classified as having a mental disorder -Expectable or culturally approved response to a common stressor or loss -Socially deviant behavior >>Political, religious, cultural, or sexual -Conflict between individual and society >>Unless it arises from dysfunction of the individual. What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) - Contains lists of symptoms and diagnostic criteria for "mental disorders" -Published by the American Psychiatric Association -Early editions were subjective and unreliable -With new editions it has become more objective, reliable, and research-based What is the goal of DSM? - To organize, describe, and communicate about clinical phenomena Defines different "mental disorders" to ensure people receive the proper services Goal is NOT to label people, but can lead to stigmatization What is the purpose of DSM-5? - 1. Clinical Diagnosis -mood, eating, personality disorders, and general medical conditions 2. Psychosocial and contextual factors -Problems with primary support group -Educational problem -Economic problem etc 3. Disability -WHODAS Strengths of DSM-5 - Promotes research in psychopathology -Epidemiology: disorder distribution in population -Etiology: causes of disorder -Course: how disorder plays out over time -Treatment: development and evaluation Allows clinicians to communicate across disciplines Concerns about DSM-5 - -Mental disorders are not infrequent -Many disorder subtypes and features are not based on empirical data -Coverage of disorders -Potential bias in diagnostic systems and application The Structure of Psychopathology - Is it categorical or dimensional? Categorical: You either have or don't have a mental disorder -Consistent with DSM-5 -Inconsistent with research literature Dimensional: Mental illness as a matter of degree (low, medium, high) -Inconsistent with DSM-5 -Consistent with research literature Reliability - An indication of consistency or stability of a measurement Reliability = Consistency Validity - A measure of the truthfulness of a measurement. Indicated whether something is measuring what it claims to be measuring Validity = accuracy Test-retest reliability - Consistency of diagnostic judgements across time Homogeneity - Individuals with a diagnosis share the same symptoms Heterogeneity - Individuals with a diagnosis have a variability of symptom profiles -Challenges validity of current models Comorbidity - Co-occurence of diagnoses EX: 64% of those with MDD also have Anxiety -May result in shared symptoms between disorders -Challenges validity of DSM-5 diagnosis What are the models of psychopathology whose purpose is to restructure classification systems that are more empirically grounded? - 1. Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) 2. Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiToP) What is Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)? - -Diagnostic framework proposed by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIHM) -Created to encourage the development of a dimensional research classification system -Focuses on neural/biological bases to psychiatric symptoms What are the five "domains" of study in RDoC? - 1. Negative Valence Systems 2. Positive Valence Systems 3. Cognitive Systems 4. Social processes 5. Arousal and Regulatory Systems What are the eight "units of analysis" in RDoC? - 1. Genetics 2. Molecules 3. Cells 4. Circuits 5. Physiology 6. Behavior 7. Self-Report 8. Paradigms Pros to RDoC? - -Allows for funding to study psychopathology through a dimensional lens -Able to better understand psychological phenomena through biological processes Cons to RDoC? - -Coverage of clinical phenomena isn't detailed or comprehensive -Restructuring of diagnostic systems focuses on a very basic level -Structure wasn't developed quantitatively What is Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) - -Diagnostic framework proposed and backed by over 40 researchers (Kotov et al., 2017). -Hierarchy developed from quantitative (statistical) analyses looking into comorbidity across disorders. -Based off of replicable factor-structures of psychopathology: Pros to HiTOP? - -Based of of empirical data -Overcomes many limitations of DSM-5 Cons to HiTOP? - -Complicated -Many analyses derived using DSM-like diagnoses -Needs more research What is research? - Continues... [Show Less]
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Clinical Psychology Midterm 2023
Clinical Psychology Midterm 2023 Clinical Psychologist - A person whose work with others involved aspects of treatment, education, and interpersonal iss... [Show More] ues. Lighter Witmer - (1907) first used clinical psychology in print First Clinics were children with behavioral or educational problems However applicable to all ages and with a variety of presenting problems Clinical Psychology (APA) - Integrates science, theory, and practice to understand, predict, and alleviate maladjustment, disability, and discomfort as well as to promote human adaptation, adjustment, and personal development. It focuses on the intellectual emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects of human functioning across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic levels The Scientist-Practitioner (Boulder) Model - - Roughly equal emphasis on empiricism and practice (Traditional model) - 1949, The first conference on graduate training in clinical psychology was held in Boulder, Colorado. The Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) model - - Stronger emphasis on practice - 1973, Another Clinical Psychology conference PsyD was born Clinical Scientist Model - - Stronger emphasis on empiricism (evidence based clinical method) Richard McFall - "Scientific clinical psychology is the only legitimate and acceptable form of clinical psychology..after all, what is the alternative? Does anyone seriously believe that a reliance on intuition and other unscientific methods is going to hasten advances in knowledge?" - 1st President of APSS Insiders Guide to Graduate Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology - A valuable resource used by many applicants to learn about specific graduate programs in clinical psychology Predoctoral Internship - - Full year of supervised clinical experience in an applied setting - Takes place before PhD or PsyD is awarded Postdoctoral Internship - - Required for licensure as a psychologist - Last 1-2 years Continues... [Show Less]
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Clinical Psychology PSY401 MENTAL HEALTH 2023
Clinical Psychology PSY401 MENTAL HEALTH 2023 MENTAL HEALTH TODAY: A QUICK LOOK OF THE PICTURE!! A recent national study of psychiatric disorders in Amer... [Show More] ica found that, Approximately 30% of adults or 70 million people were diagnosed with at least one psychiatric disorder. 10 million people are suffering with mood disorder and major depression 15 million people with Anxiety disorders. 1 million people with schizophrenic disorder. 500,000 people with eating disorder and most of them are women. Clinical psychologists are on the front line in the treatment of these mental health problems. WHAT IS CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY? Clinical psychology is an exciting and growing field that encompasses both research and practice related to psychopathology and to mental and physical health. Understanding, treating and preventing mental health problems and their associate effect is the business of clinical psychology. Clinical psychologists play a central role in the assessment, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental health problems. Through the use of psychological tests, interviews, observations of behavior, various forms of psychological treatment (e.g. cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, marital and family therapy) clinical psychologists are on the front line in the treatment of mental health problems. They are increasingly involved in the treatment of behavioral and psychological factors that are related to physical diseases, including cancer, heart disease, diabetes, asthma and chronic pain etc. They are also involved in the delivery of programs to prevent mental health problems and to promote positive mental and physical health. As a result, clinical psychologists engage in work in which the stakes are high and the opportunities are great to bring meaningful changes in the lives of others. The word “Clinical”, derived from the Latin and Greek words for Bed, suggests the treatment of individuals who are ill. But clinical psychology has come to mean a broader area than just mental illness of individuals. Among the ultimate aims of clinical psychology are the psychological well-being and beneficial behavior of persons; therefore, it focuses on internal psychobiological conditions and on external social and physical environments within which individuals function. Clinical psychology is the largest single specialty within psychology that deals with principles and skills applied outside the laboratory, it is by no means all of applied psychology, which includes industrial, educational, organizational, military and several other specialties. DEFINITION OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY In a recent attempt to define and describe clinical psychology, J.H. Resnick (1991) has proposed the following definition and description of clinical psychology: Clinical Psychology– (PSY401) VU © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 2 “The field of clinical psychology involves research, teaching, and services relevant to the applications of principles, methods and procedures for understanding, predicting and alleviating intellectual, emotional, Clinical Psychology– (PSY401) VU © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 3 biological, psychological, social and behavioral maladjustment, disability and discomfort, applied to a wide range of client population”. OTHER DEFINITIONS OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Clinical Psychology is a branch of psychology devoted to the study, diagnosis, and treatment of people with mental illnesses and other psychological disorders. Clinical psychology is the scientific study, diagnosis, and treatment of people who have psychological problems adjusting to themselves and the environment. Clinical psychologists deal with both normal and abnormal behaviors. They administer and interpret psychological tests, and assist in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. They also study the structure and development of personality. Clinical psychology is a broad field of practice and research within the discipline of psychology, which applies psychological principles to the assessment, prevention, amelioration, and rehabilitation of psychological distress, disability, dysfunctional behaviors, and health-risk behaviors, and to the enhancement of psychological and physical well-being. Clinical psychology includes both scientific research, focusing on the search for general principles, and clinical service, focusing on the study and care of clients, and information gathered from each of these activities influences practice and research. Clinical psychology is a broad approach to human problems (both individual and interpersonal) consisting of assessment, diagnosis, consultation, treatment, program development, administration, and research with regard to numerous populations, including children, adolescents, adults, the elderly, families, groups, and disadvantaged persons. Clinical psychology focuses on the assessment, treatment, and understanding of psychological and behavioral problems and disorders. In fact, clinical psychology focuses its efforts on the ways in which the human psyche interacts with physical, emotional, and social aspects of health and dysfunction. According to the American Psychological Association, clinical psychology attempts to use the principles of psychology to better understand, predict, and alleviate "intellectual, emotional, psychological, and behavioral disability and discomfort" (American Psychological Association, 1981). Clinical psychology is "the aspect of psychological science and practice concerned with the analysis, treatment, and prevention of human psychological disabilities and with the enhancing of personal adjustment and effectiveness" (Rodnick, 1985). Thus, clinical psychology uses what is known about the principles of human behavior to help people with the numerous troubles and concerns they experience during the course of life in their relationships, emotions, and physical selves. For example, a clinical psychologist might evaluate a child using intellectual and educational tests to determine if the child has a learning disability or an attentional problem that might contribute to poor school performance. Another example includes a psychologist who treats an adult experiencing severe depression following a recent divorce. People experiencing alcohol addiction, hallucinations, compulsive eating, sexual dysfunctions, physical abuse, suicidal impulses, and head injuries are a few of the many problem areas that are of interest to clinical psychologists. To summarize, Clinical psychology is a broad approach to human problems (both individual and interpersonal) consisting of assessment, diagnosis, consultation, treatment, program development, administration, and Clinical Psychology– (PSY401) VU © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 4 research with regard to numerous populations, including children, adolescents, adults, the elderly, families, groups etc. Clinical psychologists work with a broad range of populations, including the following: individuals (infants, children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly); couples (regardless of gender composition); families (traditional, multi- generational, and blended families); groups; organizations; and systems. MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONS THAT ARE CLOSELY RELATED TO CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Many people are unaware of the similarities and differences between clinical psychology and related fields, e.g. a popular question is, what is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist, or between a clinical psychologist and a counseling psychologist.. Since almost all of the mental health disciplines share certain activities such as conducting psychotherapy, understanding differences between these fields can be very challenging. Before we examine the nature of activities that are done by clinical psychologists, let us briefly review some of the other major professions in the mental health field. Major professions in the mental health field other than Clinical Psychology include the following: 1. PSYCHIATRISTS 2. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGISTS 3. PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKERS 4. REHABILITATION PSYCHOLOGISTS 5. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS 6. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGISTS 7. PSYCHIATRIC NURSES 8. PARAPROFESSIONALS 1. THE PSYCHIATRISTS The psychiatrics are physicians. Psychiatry is rooted in the medical tradition and exists within the framework of organized medicine. Because of the medical training, they may prescribe medications, treat physical ailments and give physical examination. In addition to their concentration on psychotherapy and psychiatric diagnosis, they make extensive use of a variety of medications in treating their patients' psychological difficulties. Furthermore, their medical training makes them potentially better able to recognize medical problems that may be contributing to the patient’s psychological distress. EDUCATION &TRAINING OF A PSYCHIATRIST Specific training in psychiatry begins only after a physician receive his/her MBBS or MD degree and takes the 4 years residency training in psychiatry with further specialized training following the completion of residency. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST AND PSYCHIATRIST Before receiving psychiatric training, a psychiatrist complete four years of the medical degree and the general medical internship. In contrast to psychiatrists, a clinical psychologist typically receives no training in medicine, receives more extensive training in human behavior and formal assessment of psychological functioning and receives extensive training in scientific research methods. Clinical Psychology– (PSY401) VU © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 5 Psychiatrists often come from an authoritarian tradition. The psychiatrist is an expert who tells patients what is wrong with them and then may prescribe medication to make things right. In contrast, clinical psychologist frequently emphasizes to troubled clients their autonomy and the necessity that they, as clients, collaborate with the therapist in the change process. Usually psychiatrists give emphasis on the use of medication in the treatment of problems. In contrast, clinical psychologist stress that client must learn to come to grips psychologically with their problems in living. Traditionally, clinical psychologists have been committed to the power of words (the talking cure) and to the process of thought and social learning. They do not subscribe to the credo of “better living through chemistry” when applied to psychological problems. 2. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST The activities of counseling psychologists overlap with those of clinical psychologist. Although both fields generally differ in philosophy, training, emphasis, and curriculum, but counseling psychology is perhaps the most similar to clinical psychology in actual practice. Like clinical psychologist, counseling psychologists generally major in psychology as undergraduates, attend a four-year graduate training program, one-year clinical internship and complete postdoctoral training prior to obtaining their license as a psychologist. Their principle method of assessment is usually the interview but they also do testing. Historically they have a great deal of educational and occupational counseling. More recently, many have begin to employ cognitive- behavioral techniques and even biofeedback HOW CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFERS FROM COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY The field of clinical psychology is much larger in terms of the number of doctoral- level professionals as well as the number of accredited doctoral training programs. There are approximately three times as many accredited doctoral program, producing four times as many graduates in clinical rather than in counseling, whereas counseling psychology is less large in the number of doctoral level professions and training programs. Clinical psychologist deals with all kinds of patients (mild, moderate or severe). They are less likely to specialize in career assessment, while counseling psychologist are more likely to provide services for mildly disturbed. They are more likely to specialize in career or vocational assessment. Clinical psychologists concentrate primarily on the treatment of severe emotional disorder. They treat their patients through psychotherapies and their most emphasis is on past, while counselors work with Persons, groups, families and systems who are experiencing situational,(mild to moderate) adjustment, and/or vocational problems. They focus more on education & changing the cognition of their client. Clinical psychologists usually employ long-term sessions, while short term sessions are used by counseling psychologists (approximately 6-7 minimum and 14-15 maximum). 3. PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKERS A psychiatric social worker receives a degree of Master of Social Work after two years of graduate training. Psychiatric social workers typically conduct psychotherapy on an individual or group basis. They tend to deal with the social forces that are contributing to the patient’s difficulties. They take the case history, interview employers and relatives, and make arrangements for vocational placement of patients. HOW PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKER DIFFERS FROM A CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST CONTINUES... [Show Less]
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Clinical Psychology Study Q's Exam 1 2023 A+ Review
Clinical Psychology Study Q's Exam 1 2023 A+ Review Which profession serves as the major front line provider of psychosocial (not pharmacologic) mental... [Show More] health services? A.Clinical psychologist B.Nurse practitioner C.Social Worker D.Counseling psychologist E.None of the above - ANS-C.Social Worker Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good measure? a.It is objective b.It is useful c.It is reliable d.It is valid e.It has magnitude - ANS-e.It has magnitude What does it mean for a measure to be reliable? a.It is always available b.It measures what it claims to measure c.It is standardized d.It is precise and consistent e.It tells us something we didn't already know - ANS-d.It is precise and consistent A measure that accurately assesses the construct (or concept) of interest is considered a.Reliable b.Valid c.Useful d.Objective e.None of the above. - ANS-b.Valid True or False: Claims about how well we can predict and treat clinical phenomena frequently are stronger than are justified by the data. a.True b.False - ANS-a.True True or False: Claims that cannot be replicated independently across studies, laboratories, and methods are not scientific (or outside the realm of science) a.True b.False - ANS-a.True Which of the following accurately describes how evidence -based approaches are used in a typical contemporary clinical setting in the United States? a. Assessment in contemporary clinical psychology is highly scientifically grounded b.Most people in therapy in the United States receive evidence-based psychotherapy c.Clinicians often draw primarily from their personal experience to treat clients instead of relying primarily on evidence-based methods d. Clinicians often update their treatment methods to include new techniques that have been shown to be effective e.None of the above - ANS-c.Clinicians often draw primarily from their personal experience to treat clients instead of relying primarily on evidence-based methods True or False: If a clinician uses a treatment that has not been evaluated in the anxiety research literature but that her clients tell her has helped with their anxiety, she is using an evidence-based treatment. a.True b.False - ANS-b.False In which of the following activities can a clinical psychologist engage? a.Public policy b.Teaching c.Clinic administration d.Service provision e.All of the above - ANS-e.All of the above True or False: Pseudoscience refers to strong claims with weak (or no) empirical evidence supporting them. a. True b.False - ANS-a. True Scientifically based claims a.Are based on anecdotal evidence b.Use subjective measurement strategies c.Are falsifiable d.Are stronger than supported by the evidence e.Show diverging support across studies - ANS-c.Are falsifiable True or False: The science-practice gap refers to the relative lack of reliance on evidence-based assessment and treatment strategies in mental health care. a.True b.False - ANS-a.True True or False: Widely held beliefs can be well-intentioned but incorrect. Continues... [Show Less]
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Clinical Psychology unit 1 exam Questions And Answers 2023
Clinical Psychology unit 1 exam Questions And Answers 2023 Which profession serves as the major front line provider of psychosocial(not pharmacologic)m... [Show More] ental health services? A.Clinical psychologist B.Nurse practitioner C.Social Worker D.Counseling psychologistE.None of the above - ANS-C Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good measure? a.It is objective b.It is useful c.It is reliable d.It is valid e.It has magnitude - ANS-E What does it mean for a measure to be reliable? a.It is always available b.It measures what it claims to measure c.It is standardized d.It is precise and consistent e.It tells us something we didn't already know - ANS-D A measure that accurately assesses the construct (or concept) of interest is considered a.Reliable b.Valid c.Useful d.Objective e.None of the above. - ANS-B True or False: Claims about how well we can predict and treat clinical phenomena frequently are stronger than are justified by the data. a.True b.False - ANS-A True or False: Claims that cannot be replicated independently across studies, laboratories, and methods are not scientific(or outside the realm of science). a.True b.False - ANS-A Which of the following accurately describes how evidence-based approaches are used in a typical contemporary clinical setting in the United States? a.Assessment in contemporary clinical psychology is highly scientifically grounded b.Most people in therapy in the United States receive evidence-based psychotherapy c.Clinicians often draw primarily from their personal experience to treat clients instead of relying primarily on evidence-based methods d.Clinicians often update their treatment methods to include new techniques that have been shown to be effective e.None of the above - ANS-C True or False: If a clinician uses a treatment that has not been evaluated in the anxiety research literature but that her clients tell her has helped with their anxiety, she is using evidence-based treatment. a.True b.False - ANS-B In which of the following activities can a clinical psychologist engage? a.Public policy b.Teaching c.Clinic administration d.Service provision e.All of the above - ANS-E True or False: Pseudoscience refers to strong claims with weak (or no) empirical evidence supporting them. a.True b.False - ANS-A Scientifically based claims a.Are based on anecdotal evidence b.Use subjective measurement strategies c.Are falsifiable d.Are stronger than supported by the evidence e.Show diverging support across studies - ANS-C True or False: The science-practice gap refers to the relative lack of reliance on evidence-based assessment and treatment strategies in mental health care. a.True b.False - ANS-A True or False: Widely held beliefs can be well-intentioned but incorrect a.True b.False - ANS-A True or False: Clinical psychology (and psychology more generally) sometimes does not produce highly replicable results. a.True b.False - ANS-A If a new measure of suicidality does a better job than existing measures of predicting a suicide attempt, then we say that measure a.Has reliability b.Has validity c.Has utility d.Has objectivity - ANS-C Referring to a new measure of neuroticism as highly standardized is commenting on its a.Utility b.Reliability c.Validity d.Objectivity - ANS-D Suppose that a new measure of weight concern is administered three times to a large sample of undergraduates. The researcher notes that the scores for individual undergraduates are highly consistent --for example, those who show greater weight concern at the first assessment are very likely to show greater weight concern at the second and third assessment. This suggests that the new measure is a.Valid b.Reliable c.Useful d.Objective - ANS-B Which of the following are relevant factors for defining abnormality? a.Distress b.Harm to self or others c.Developmental stage d.A and C e.All of the above - ANS-E A clinical syndrome is a collection of symptoms. a.True b.False - ANS-A Which of the following is an exclusion criterion for a mental disorder?a.Distress b.Harm to self or others c.Conflict between individual and society d.Increased risk e.Interference or impairment - ANS-C Including Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) as a diagnosis in DSM-5 a.Could promote stigmatization of those who have these experiences b.Could normalize or validate some women's experiences c.Could allow women who struggle enormously with these issues to receive treatment for a diagnosable condition d.All of the above - ANS... [Show Less]
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Clinical Psychology-Part One Exam Lecture Notes Questions & Answers
Clinical Psychology-Part One Exam Lecture Notes Questions & Answers In the field, which is considered the most important aspect of mental health care? A... [Show More] highly experienced clinician, a clinician with a PhD, or evidence based treatment? Why? - ANS-There's a lot of controversy in the field about this. It comes down to what you count as "evidence." What does contemporary clinical psychology focus on? - ANS-Psychological phenomenon encountered in a clinical context. What are some possible activities of a clinical psychologist? - ANS-Research, teaching, training, administration, public policy, and service provision (which means practicing). In clinical psychology, we are applying blank in a blank - ANS-basic behavioral science; clinical context. What shift have we seen in the activities of clinical psychologists? - ANS-We see less practice and more of other activities. Is clinical psych an art or a science? - ANS-There's a lot of controversy about that. Pseudoscience - ANS-Makes strong claims with weak empirical evidence and is typically based on personal experience and perception. What does it mean to say that a claim should be falsifiable? - ANS-It means that it can be tested empirically by systematic, data based investigation. Not just relying on anecdotal evidence. What is a claim? - ANS-a hypothesis, idea, or strongly held belief. Measurement strategies need to be which four things? - ANS-Objective, reliable, valid and useful. What does it mean for a measurement strategy to be objective? - ANS-Standardized. It's the same test for everyone. Define reliable - ANS-precise or consistent Define valid - ANS-an accurate assessment of the concept of interest What does it mean for a measurement strategy to be useful? - ANS-It tells us something we didn't already know. How can we avoid the impact of our personal beliefs and biases on research? - ANSExperimental designs and rigorous measurement. Which scientists are vulnerable to the impact of their personal beliefs and biases? - ANS-ALL of them. Does eCHECKUP TO Go work? - ANS-Yes, but the magnitude of improvement is small. What should the strength of a claim reflect? - ANS-The strength of the evidence. Which is more prevalent? Pseudoscience or clinical science? - ANS-The former unfortunately science practice gap - ANS-The disconnect between the scientific evidence/the evidence based clinical guidelines and actual practices. Several commonly used assessment strategies have major problems and the majority of clients receive treatments without adequate empirical support even though better treatments are available. What is often times (and unfortunately) viewed as more valid than claims based on empirical evidence? - ANS-Claims based on clinical experience and strongly held beliefs. One of the challenges facing scientific clinical psychology is the overstatement of four things. What are they? - ANS-1- the understanding of clinical phenomenon. 2-the precision of assessments 3-accuracy of predictions 4-treatment effectiveness. True or false: Almost all abused children become abusive parents. - ANS-False True or false: alcoholism ALWAYS runs in families - ANS-False True or false: it is impossible to predict who will be violent towards other with a high degree of accuracy - ANS-True True or false: We can accurately predict who will commit suicide. - ANS-False True or false: Playing "doctor" or masturbating as a child is a sign of sexual abuse - ANS-False. True or false: It is rare for a traumatic experience to be repressed - ANS-True True of false: Hypnosis works to uncover memories - ANS-False True or false: You don't need to express anger to avoid exploding. - ANS-True. What six things are important in defining abnormality? - ANS-Distress and discomfort, harm, commonality, interference with functioning, developmental stage, and cultural and societal context. Is commonality useful in judging abnormality? - ANS-Not really What percent of people will meet the qualifications for a mental diagnosis at some point? - ANS-75% Define a mental disorder - ANS-A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion, regulation or behavior. It reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. Two inclusion criteria for mental illness? - ANS-Distress (painful or upsetting) and disability (impairment in functioning) Syndrome - ANS-collection of symptoms Exclusion criteria for a mental disorder - ANS-A mental disorder can't be an expectable or culturally approved response to a common stressor or loss, socially deviant behavior that's not harmful or impairing by just different, or a conflict between the individual and society. Who publishes the DSM? - ANS-American Psychiatric Association 3 specifications for diagnostic assessment in the DSM5 - ANS-1-clinical diagnosis and medical conditions 2-psychosocial and contextual factors 3-Disability What are some (7) psychosocial and contextual factors? - ANS-1-problems with primary support group 2-problems related to social environment 3-educational problem 4-housing problem 5-economic problem 6-problems with access to health care services 7-problems related to interaction with legal system/crime The six domains of functioning examined under disability in the DSM5 - ANS-1- Communicating and understanding 2-mobility 3-self-care 4-social functioning Continues... [Show Less]
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