CADC exam prep Ch 2 (Addiction
Counselor's Desk Reference) Updated
2022
Moral Model (Definition of Addiction) - - Dates to the 1850's.
- Defines an a... [Show More] ddicted client as weak in character. Think "moral failure".
- Based on the idea that individuals have free choice and are responsible for their
behaviors. Think "morals that are aligned with God" and this approach has influenced
public policy and the American judicial system.
Self-medication Model (Definition of Addiction) - - Originated in the 1960's among
psychoanalysts.
- Assumes that people self-medicate to cope with life problems. A person in emotional
pain will self-medicate to find relief which may eventually lead to addiction.
-Self-medication hypothesis should be considered parallel with other approaches and
not in competition with them.
Medical/Disease Model (Definition of Addiction) - - First proposed in 1810 by Dr.
Benjamin Rush
- Addiction identified as a disease rather than a mental disorder or moral failure.
- Disease is identified as a severely harmful, potentially fatal condition that manifests
itself in an irreversible loss of control over use of psychoactive substances. Disease
may go into remission, no known "cure", since the disease is progressive and often
fatal, complete abstinence is the treatment goal. Think "addiction is a disease of the
brain".
- American Medical Association formally accepted this definition of addiction in 1945.
- Disease model accepted by World Health Organization (WHO), American Psychiatric
Association (APA), American Society for Addiction Medicine (ASAM), National
Association of Social Workers (NASC), & American Public Health (APH).
Spirituality Model (Definition of Addiction) - - Assumes that addictive disorder stem from
a lack of spirituality, that is, being disconnected from a "Higher Power" ("the source of
light, truth, love, and wellness").
- AA, NA, etc derive some of their beliefs from this model and help members recover by
developing a viable relationship with their "Higher Power".
Impulse-Control Disorder (Definition of Addiction) - - relatively new definition.
- Assumes that either neurobiological or genetic deficiencies make a person unable to
control and regulate impulsive behavior(s).
- Under certain conditions, such individuals will put themselves at risk and find
temporary relief with self-destructive behaviors such as kleptomania, pyromania, and/or
drug abuse.
Reward Deficiency and Neuro-physiological Adaption (Definition of Addiction) - -
Assumes that chemical imbalance is manifested as one or more behavioral disorders
called the "reward deficiency syndrome".
- This disorder is linked by a common biological substrate, a "hard-wired system in the
brain (consisting of cells and signaling molecules) that provides pleasure in the process
of rewarding certain behaviors."
- Supporters suggest that this reward deficiency syndrome may cause a predisposition,
or vulnerability, to addiction that includes chemical substances, pathological gambling,
sex, and other bx disorders.
Genetic Model (Definition of Addiction) - - Research over past 20 years indicated
genetic predisposition in some individuals to substances of abuse.
- Some studies indicate 40% - 60% of an individual's risk for an addiction to chemical
substances (alcohol, cocaine, or opiates) is genetic.
- Growing number of genetic researchers now believe different classes of substances
may be connected to unique genetic preference and may help account for the drug of
choice.
Bio-medical model (Definition of Addiction) - - Introduced in 1990's and draws from both
the biological and behavioral sciences.
- "Using drugs repeatedly over time changes brain structure and function in fundamental
and long-lasting ways that can persist long after the individual stops using them."
- Once addiction impacts the brain, the client is driven behaviorally to support the
demands made by the brain to prevent becoming ill from withdrawal.
Social Learning Model (Definition of Addiction) - - Assumes social reinforcement causes
individuals to model the drug use behaviors of their parents, older siblings, and peers.
- Albert Bandura, social learning theorist, indicates 4 stages of social learning:
1. Attention - the individual makes a conscious cognitive choice to observe the desired
behavior
2. Memory - the individual recalls what he has observed from the modeling
3. Imitation - the individual repeats the actions that she has observed
4. Motivation - the individual client must have some internal motivation for wanting to
carry out the modeled behavior.
Erroneous Thought Patterns (Definition of Addiction) - - Assumes that illogical thinking
underlies the addiction.
- Theorists believe that in order to helps addicted clients, counselors must challenge
erroneous thinking, correct flawed thinking, and teach them how to reason correctly.
- EX: gambler who believes they have a "system" to beat video poker machine.
Biopsychosocial Model (Definition of Addiction) - - Developed in 1980's.
- Assumes that addiction vulnerability is affected by the complex interaction between
one's physical status (functioning of the body), psychological state (how one views and
perceives the world), and social dynamics (how and with whom one interacts).
- Allows for more flexibility in determining root cause and treatment.
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