WCU PATHO 370: Pathophysiology 370 Final Exam Questions & Answers-How many liters of blood are circulating in the human body at any one time?
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There are 4 to 6 liters of blood circulating in the body at any one time. Forty-five percent of the volume is blood cells (red blood cells and white blood cells), and 55% is plasma volume (which contains nutrients and plasma proteins). 1 to 2 and 2 to 3 liters are too low a blood volume. 10 to 20 liters is an exaggerated amount of blood volume.
• Question 2
Macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus include
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Macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus are defined as damage to large blood vessels providing circulation to the brain, heart, and extremities, which leads to cardiovascular disease, ischemic stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Retinopathy and nephropathy are related to microvascular complications. Capillary basement membrane thickening is not macrovascular in nature. A hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident is the result of the interruption of blood flow to the brain as a result of a ruptured cerebral vessel.
• Question 3
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When the cause of a disease is due to unintended or unwanted medical treatment, the term to describe this is
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Iatrogenic means that the cause was medical intervention. Genotype refers to the genetic inheritance for a condition. Idiopathic is when the cause of the condition is unknown. Ecogenetics is a struggle between genetic makeup and environment.
• Question 4
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Which statement(s) are true regarding circulatory hemodynamics? (Select all that apply.)
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The relationship between blood flow and resistance is an inverse one: as resistance increases, blood flow decreases. Resistance decreases as the radius of a vessel increases.
The greater the pressure difference, the greater the blood flow. The more viscous the blood is, the more resistance to flow exists because of the friction between the cells.
Decreased systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is the main cause of distributive shock states.
• Question 5
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Which hormone is responsible for renal failure induced anemia?
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Erythropoietin is responsible for stimulating marrow to make red blood cells. In renal failure, there are insufficient quantities of this substance. Aldosterone is not involved in red blood cell production but rather it regulates the balance of salt and water in the body. Angiotensin I is not involved in red blood cell production, but rather in the regulating of blood volume and systemic vascular resistance. Parathyroid hormone is not involved in red blood cell production but rather the control of blood and bone calcium
• Question 6
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Which characteristic uniquely belongs to Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
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Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus ultimately have an absent first-phase insulin response and a diminished second-phase response. The other options can be seen in both types of diabetes.
• Question 7
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A common cause of heart failure is which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
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The most common cause of HF is myocardial ischemia from coronary artery disease, followed by hypertension and dilated cardiomyopathy. Valvular heart disease and anemia are not common causes of heart failure.
• Question 8
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Portal hypertension occurs as a result of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
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Obstructed blood flows through the venous sinusoids of the liver and impaired drainage into the central veins would contribute to the development of portal hypertension. A buildup of venous pressure, regardless of cause, is the root of portal hypertension. The hepatic vein empties into the inferior vena cava. Any obstruction to the flow of blood within the liver may result in a rise in portal venous pressure proximal to the level of blockage.
• Question 9
The primary cause of sudden cardiac death is usually due to
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Response Feedback:
Lethal dysrhythmia as ventricular fibrillation is usually the primary cause of sudden cardiac death. While heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis are serious cardiac conditions they are not the primary causes of sudden cardiac death.
• Question 10
Which statement is true regarding carbonic acid (H2CO3)?
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If too much acid is present, bicarbonate (HCO3) picks up a hydrogen (H+) molecule to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), and with the help of the enzyme called carbonic anhydrase, the carbonic acid is then excreted through the respiratory system in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). The other statements do not reflect effective utilization of carbonic acid (H2CO3)
• Question 11
Anemia of chronic renal failure is caused by the lack of
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Response Feedback:
Erythropoietin is secreted by the kidney in response to hypoxia caused by a low hemoglobin concentration.
Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to produce mature red blood cells. The tissue of the diseased kidney has difficulty producing this hormone. A lack of adrenaline, thyroid hormone, and parathyroid hormone are not factors in anemia of chronic renal failure.
• Question 12
Signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
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Response Feedback:
The symptoms due to the gradual fall of RBCs include fever, pallor, dyspnea, and petechiae. The symptoms due to the gradual fall of RBCs include tachycardia, not bradycardia.
• Question 13
Postrenal failure is a result of
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Response Feedback:
Postrenal obstruction is distal obstruction bilateral to the kidney. Nephron damage is characteristic of intrarenal
failure. Prerenal failure is usually caused by decreased blood volume either from dehydration or blood loss.
• Question 14
What stage is defined by “fight or flight”?
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Alarm is called “fight or flight” because it gives the body a boost of energy to either run or confront. To survive, the body must move beyond the alarm stage to a stage of resistance (also called adaptation) supportive of the allostatic return to a state of homeostasis. Exhaustion occurs when the body is no longer able to bring about a return to homeostasis following prolonged exposure to noxious agents. To survive, the body must move beyond the alarm stage to a stage of resistance (also called adaptation) supportive of the allostatic return to a state of homeostasis.
• Question 15
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For the individual with type 2 diabetes, the immediate problems brought about by hyperglycemia can lead to which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Response Feedback:
Hyperglycemia itself may increase insulin resistance and further diminish insulin secretion. Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are symptoms of hyperglycemia. Ketoacidosis is a less common occurrence in type 2 diabetes. Lipogenesis refers to the creation of fat; a process not interrupted by glucose toxicity.
• Question 16
What stimulates the release of renin? (Select all that apply.)
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Response Feedback:
Renal hypoperfusion, sympathetic activation, and decreased sodium delivery stimulate renin release. Increased heart rate and parasympathetic activation do not stimulate th [Show Less]
