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Community- Stanhope- 4th edi- chap 19 100% accurate answers latest 2023
A nurse was preparing for a home visit to a family where the mother had just been discharged from trauma care after being hit by a drunk driver. The nurse ... [Show More] hoped the family was able to care for her. Which of the following comments from the husband would suggest an energized family? a."I make most of the decisions so the kids don't notice much difference." b."My daughter is pretty independent; she's active in both sports and theater." c."My son is old enough to get a job and help pay all these medical bills." d."My wife taught our daughter how to cook simple meals." ANS: B Pratt proposed the energized family as being an ideal family type that was most effective in meeting health needs. The energized family is characterized by active contact with a variety ofgroups and organizations (Boy Scouts, church, sports, theater), flexible role relationships (not if only the daughter is taught how to cook and only the son is expected to get a job), equal power structure (not if the husband makes all the decisions), and a high degree of autonomy by each member (kids know how to be flexible, because parents travel for business frequently). Using the Neuman Systems Model, which of the following questions would the nurse ask a client to assess physiological health? a."What helps you to cope with situations involving your wife's cancer?" b."How has your child's illness affected the behavior of your other children?" c."Tell me about any illnesses your other family members have." d."Who do you turn to for support outside your immediate family? ANS: C Physiological health involves issues related to physical wellness or illness. Other components of health in Neuman's model include psychological health, sociocultural health, developmental health, and spiritual health. A nurse is working with a family member to reduce his health risk. Which of the following recommendations would most likely be made by the nurse? a."Be sure to take a 30-minute walk each day." b."Call our office if you have any questions or concerns at all." c."Come back in 2 weeks for follow-up on your surgery." d."Continue to take the drug until it is gone, even if you're feeling better earlier." ANS: A The factors that determine or influence whether disease or other unhealthy results occur are called health risks. The major categories of risk include inherited biological risk, social and physical environmental risk, and behavioral risk. All the other options are treatment oriented rather than risk avoidance. Exercising for 30 minutes a day reduces the risk for many diseases A nurse is appraising health risks. Which of the following questions would most likely be asked by the nurse? a."Does your 4 year-old have a booster seat in the car?" b."Have you noticed any physical problems as you go about your daily routine?" c."What concerns do you have today? d."Why did you decide to come in for a checkup?" ANS: A Health risk appraisal refers to the process of assessing for the presence of specific factors in each of the categories that have been identified as being associated with an increased likelihood of an illness, such as cancer, or an unhealthy event, such as an automobile accident A nurse is conducting a health risk appraisal. Which of the following activities is the nurse assessing when using this tool? a.Health promotion activities b.Illness prevention activities c.Risk reduction activities d.Unhealthy activities ANS: D Health risk appraisal refers to the process of assessing for the presence of specific factors in each of the categories that have been identified as being associated with an increased likelihood of an illness, such as cancer, or an unhealthy event, such as an automobile accident.Therefore, the nurse would assess for unhealthy behavior and activities in the areas of biological and age-related risk, social and physical environment risk, and behavioral risk. Activities to promote health, prevent illness, or reduce risks would be advantageous, not risky A nurse is implementing risk reduction interventions with a family. Which of the following questions is most important for the nurse to ask? a."Did any of the hunters in your family kill a deer this year?" b."How do you keep your rifles safe from curious children?" c."Where do you shoot with your handguns?" d."Where do you keep your rifles locked when it is not hunting season?" ANS: C Risk reduction is a complex process that requires knowledge of risks and families' perceptionsof the nature of the risk. In this situation the nurse was asking questions to determine the family's perception of risks associated with owning guns. If the family does not perceive the behavior (having guns in the house) as risky, but rather as necessary for food or sport, the nurse must first educate or persuade the family that others may be more comfortable if certain precautionary measures are taken (such as locks on the guns). Rifles are used for food and sport but handguns are often used in crimes and accidents resulting in death A nurse is completing a health risk appraisal with a client. Which of the following comments would cause the nurse to probe further to determine if the family is in crisis? a."I can't visit my husband in the hospital when I'm at work all day. How can I be sure he's all right?" b."My husband always handled our finances. Now that he's gone, I'll have to learn how to do this." c."I don't know what to do now that my husband is dead. There is no way I can go back to work and also take care of our three children." d."What am I supposed to do now that everything we own is gone? Are there any agencies that can help me?" ANS: C A family crisis occurs when the family is not able to cope with an event and becomes disorganized or dysfunctional. When the demands of the situation exceed the resources of the family, a family crisis exists. In three of the options, the survivor is considering the problem and trying to learn how to cope or seek resources to cope. Only in this option is the person overwhelmed and unable to conceive of how to cope A nurse has completed health risk appraisals with several different families. Which of the following families would be of most concern to the nurse? a.An older couple who has just retired and sold their house, who talk about their new condo in a retirement community. b.Newlyweds who have been saving their money, who want to discuss birth control and family planning in preparation for future pregnancies. c.Parents who come with their child for his pre-kindergarten physical exam and want to be sure all the child's immunizations are up to date. d.A woman who is very pleased with her new position at the hospital and wants to have her pre-employment exam and drug screen ANS: A Transitions (movement from one stage or condition to another) are times of potential risk for families. Age-related or life-event risks often occur during transitions from one developmentalstage to another. Transitions present new situations and demands for families. Moving from the family home to a smaller condo represents a major change in lifestyle. None of the other options represent major transitions. If the event is normative, or anticipated, it is possible for families to prepare for the event and its consequences. Which of the following best describes a normative life event that can increase the risk for illness? a.A family is involved in a motor vehicle crash. b.A group of teens experiment with recreational drugs. c.A woman is pregnant with her first child. d.The family wage earner is laid off from his job ANS: C Life events can increase the risk for illness and disability. Normative events are those that are generally expected to occur at a particular stage of development or of the life span. Although pregnancy is a normal condition, it carries risks such as the development of eclampsia or more minor health problems such as constipation and hemorrhoids. Additionally,pregnancy (and the birth that follows) will alter family dynamics and may increase risk for psychological stressors. The events listed in the other options are not normative life events A nurse is drawing a genogram. Which of the following would the nurse use to demonstrate a marriage relationship between two individuals? a.A broken line b.A dashed line c.A solid line d.Two parallel lines ANS: C Marriage is indicated by a solid line on a genogram Which of the following best describes the use of genomic health care? a.Assists with understanding family relationships b.Assists with determining familial health risks c.Useful in learning about environmental risk factors d.Useful in detecting risk for developing cancer ANS: B Genomic health care can give health care providers the tools that they need to use a person's unique genomic information to design and prescribe the most effective treatment for each person and to help clients and families understand some of their health risks that are influenced by their genetic make-up. When nurses obtain a family history and learn about the illnesses and causes of death of biologically related family members, they can then learn aboutshared genes, environment and lifestyle behaviors that can increase a person's risks for the same diseases that other family members experienced. Genomic health care is broader than detecting risk for developing cancer Which of the following families is at high risk for health problems? a.A man agrees that he needs to eat better and exercise more but also expresses how busy he is at his job. b.A man knows that his grandfather, father, and older brother all died of cardiac disease. c.A man is currently unemployed and despairs about finding a position. d.A man expresses disappointment that, having been laid off as an executive, his new position pays only about two thirds of his original salary ANS: C A person who is unemployed and despairing of finding employment is at serious economic risk, which is one of the foremost predictors of health problems. Economic risk is determined by the relationship between family financial resources and the demands on those resources. Having adequate financial resources means that a family is able to purchase the necessary services and goods related to health, such as adequate housing, clothing, food, education, and health or illness care. A home health nurse who is visiting a family for the first time asks, "Could we review your extended family and other persons or groups with whom you interact each week?" Which of the following provides the best rationale for the nurse asking this question? a.To assess the family's environment and social resources and risks b.To communicate with relevant others as needed c.To determine financial assets available to the family in case of serious need d.To understand the extended family relationships ANS: A The question by the nurse indicates that she is trying to obtain an ecomap. Ecomaps can provide information about relationships that the family has with others (such as relatives and neighbors), the family's connections with other social units (such as church, school, work, clubs, and organizations), and the flow of energy, positive or negative, in the family. An ecomap represents the family's interactions with other groups and organizations. Environmental or social risk and resources can be assessed from an ecomap Which of the following clients would cause the nurse the most concern? a.The client who is currently unemployed but actively seeking a position and frequently walking from one interview to another b.The client who is not employed but spending time at the gym keeping fit and studying the benefits of organic natural uncooked foods c.The client who is employed and often works 12 hours a day without moving from the computer desk d.The client who is employed but always leaves promptly at 5:00 to pick up the children from the day care center ANS: C Personal health habits continue to contribute to the major causes of morbidity and mortality. The pattern of personal health habits and behavioral risk defines individual and family lifestyle risk. The client who doesn't move from the computer desk is creating great stress andstrain on personal physiology and needs to be educated on the benefits of exercise and the risks of cumulative trauma on the body. Multiple health benefits of regular physical activity have been identified; regular physical exercise is effective in promoting and maintaining health and preventing disease An occupational health nurse is developing an educational program to address the importance of healthy personal health habits. Which of the following topics would be most important for the nurse to address? a.Avoidance of alcohol b.Regular physical exercise c.Daily consumption of calcium-rich foods d.Monthly self-breast and testicular exams ANS: B Many family health risks can be reduced by careful attention to diet, exercise, and stress management. Regular physical exercise is effective in promoting and maintaining health and in preventing disease. Physical activity can help to prevent obesity, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and depression. Avoidance of alcohol and daily consumption of calcium-rich foods are not recommendations for improving personal health habits A home health nurse is about to visit a family at their home. However, the nurse is feeling uncomfortable about getting out of her car because a group of young adults across the street are drinking and fighting among themselves. Which of the following actions should be taken by the nurse? a.Call the agency and ask what she should do. b.Call the family, explain the situation, and try to reschedule. c.Fulfill the nurse's commitment to the family and enter the home quickly. d.Drive away and notify the family from a safer location ANS: D Personal safety is an issue. Home visits are generally very safe; however, as with all worksites, the possibility of violence exists. Therefore, the nurse needs to use caution. If a reasonable question exists about the safety of making a visit, the nurse should not make the visit [Show Less]
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Community- Stanhope- 4th edi- chap 27questions and answers graded A+
1. Which of the following best defines the word politics? a. A neutral term meaning influence b. The outcome of governmental policies c. A provision of ... [Show More] power for making decisions d. The result of legislative action ANS: A Politics is a neutral term meaning the art of influencing others to accept a specific course of action. Political action results in governmental policies and legislation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember (Knowledge) REF: p. 110 2. Which of the following activities is completed by the executive branch of the federal government? a. Administration of policy b. Interpretation of policy c. Proposal of policy d. Passage of policy ANS: A The executive branch administers and regulates policy. The legislative branch proposes policy (as bills) and passes policy (as laws). The judicial branch interprets laws. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 110 00:40 01:29 3. A nurse meets with a senator to lobby for passage of a bill to increase funding for interpreter services. With which of the following branches of the government is the nurse working? a. Constitutional branch of government b. Executive branch of government c. Legislative branch of government d. Judicial branch of government ANS: C The legislative branch of government is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The legislative branch identifies problems and proposes and then debates, passes, and modifies laws to address those problems. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 110 4. Which of the following statements best describes why the federal government has become involved in health care? a. The states asked the federal level to become involved. b. Because of rising costs to the states, the federal budget needed to be used to pay for necessary services. c. The Constitution gives the federal government the power to promote the general welfare. d. This step was necessary to standardize care on a national level. ANS: C One of the first constitutional challenges to a federal law passed by Congress was in the area of health and welfare in 1937. The Supreme Court (judicial branch) reviewed the legislation in question and determined, through interpretation of the Constitution, that such federal governmental action was within the powers of Congress to promote the general welfare. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 110 5. A client states to the nurse, "I have heard the Affordable Care Act is supposed to help improve the health care I receive, but so far I have seen no benefits from this legislation." Which of the following statements would be the best reply by the nurse? a. "Maybe you have not directly seen the changes; however, several things have changed in health care because of this bill." b. "It will take years to see any effects from the act because of the delays in implementation of the changes." c. "This legislation will primarily improve care for the elderly and poor populations, so this is why you may not have seen any benefits." d. "The way health care operates at the federal and state levels has changed, so most individuals will not see any direct impact." ANS: A The goal of the Affordable Care Act in 2012 was to improve the health of the nation and access care. Several changes to health care have already been made because of this legislation, and more changes will continue in the future. However, it is possible that unless one has been in a situation where changes have been made, that one may not realize any of the effects of this law. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 111 6. What was the significance of the 1979 Surgeon General's report? a. It planned the goals and priorities for the entire Veterans Administration medical system. b. It vastly increased funding for health promotion activities. c. It identified the use of tobacco as a cause of lung cancer. d. It created national goals for promoting health and preventing disease. ANS: D The 1979 Surgeon General's report began a focus on preventing disease and promoting health for all Americans. It was a national effort with all levels of government, as well as other interested parties, involved. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 112 7. A nurse is advocating for the public health department to increase the number of public health nurses that it employs. Which of the following factors should the nurse emphasize? a. Providing disease investigation training b. Providing research opportunities c. Providing leadership experiences d. Providing salaries commensurate with responsibilities ANS: D Through the input of the Division of Nursing's National Advisory Council for Nursing Education and Practice (NACNEP), the Division of Nursing sets policy for nursing nationally. A few of the factors indicated by the NACNEP that need to be in place to support the public health nurse role are: competitive salaries commensurate with responsibilities, experience in health promotion and prevention, long-term trusting relationships in the community, and a commitment to social justice and eliminating health disparities. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 115 8. A nurse is determining whether a hospital has the right to require infected patients to be isolated against their will. To which type of law will the nurse refer? a. Common law b. Constitutional law c. Legislation and regulation d. Judicial law ANS: B Constitutional law provides the right to intervene in a reasonable manner to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the citizenry. State power concerning health care is called police power. This power allows states to act to protect the health, safety, and welfare of their citizens. The state must show that it has a compelling interest in taking actions, especially actions that might infringe on individual rights. The state can isolate an individual to prevent an epidemic, even though this infringes on individual rights. The community's rights are deemed more important than the individual's rights when there is a threat to the health of the public. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 119 9. Who is responsible for determining the scope of practice for registered nurses? a. American Nurses Association b. Federal legislators c. State legislators d. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ANS: C Health care practitioners are subject to the laws of the state in which they practice. The state nurse practice acts define the practice of professional nursing, identify the scope of nursing practice, set educational qualifications, and determine legal titles. The nurse practice act is governed by legislators in each state. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: pp. 119-120 10. Which of the following statements by a client indicates a lack of understanding regarding an appropriate reason to sue for malpractice? a. "Because the health care workers didn't turn my mother every 2 hours, she developed bedsores." b. "I received permanent nerve damage because they would not remove a cast that was too tight." c. "My daughter wasn't given a call light, and for a whole shift no one checked on her condition." d. "They amputated the wrong leg during surgery." ANS: C Professional negligence, or malpractice, is defined as an act (or failure to act) that leads to injury. All of the choices specify an injury, except for "My daughter wasn't given a call light, and for a whole shift no one checked on her condition," in which case the care was substandard but no injury resulted. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis) REF: p. 120 11. Which of the following statements best describes the law in relation to clinical practice by nursing students? a. Students are considered certified until licensure is obtained. b. Students are expected to meet the same standard of care as the professional nurse. c. Students are not legally liable for errors because they practice under the license of their instructor. d. Students have a scope of practice determined by the nurse practice act. ANS: B Nursing students need to be aware that the same laws and rules that govern the professional nurse apply to them as well. Students are expected to meet the same standard of care as that met by any licensed nurse practicing under the same or similar circumstances. Although it is true that students cannot practice outside the scope of practice determined by the nurse practice act, they also cannot perform the tasks and responsibilities of the licensed practitioner within the scope of practice until they have received adequate knowledge; therefore, the scope of practice for the student is determined by the instructor, based on the student's level of education. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 120 12. A nurse wishes to see a bill passed to support funding for the use of interpreters for clients with limited English proficiency. Which of the following would be the best time for the nurse to request support from the local senator, who is not on the committee that is reviewing this bill? a. When the bill is first assigned to a committee b. When the bill is discussed and debated within the committee c. When the bill moves out of committee to be heard by the entire Senate d. When the bill passes the Senate and moves to the House of Representatives ANS: C Once the bill is passed by committee and moves out of committee to be heard by all senators, it will be important to contact this senator, who will then be in a position to act on it. The nurse would not want to wait until after the vote has been taken in the Senate because it would then be too late for the senator to act. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis) REF: p. 122 00:10 01:29 13. The state board of nursing has written new regulations to clarify in a more concrete manner what the nurse practice act allows and requires. Which of the following effects will this change have on nurses in this state? a. None, because they are just helpful guidelines for maximum safety b. None, because they just give specifics that may change over time c. Major, because prudent nurses would follow such regulations d. Major, because these rules and regulations have the effect of law and must be obeyed ANS: D When the legislature passes a law and delegates its oversight to an agency, it gives that agency the power to make regulations. Because regulations flow from legislation, they have the force of law. Whether prudent or not, nurses are obligated to practice consistent with these regulations. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 124 14. A bill with the potential to decrease health care services is passed by Congress. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to influence the bill's implications? a. Exercise veto power by calling for petitions from health care agencies b. Contact the regulatory agency and participate in public hearings c. Call members of congress to request that they rescind the legislation that was passed d. Discuss the change in services with the administrators at the hospital ANS: B Once a bill is passed and becomes law, it is too late to influence congressional members to change their vote; however, it is not too late to influence the outcome of the vote because the nurse can influence how the law is regulated. An agency typically writes the regulations that control how the law is implemented in more specific detail. Often this process can be just as important as lobbying against a bill because it shapes the final implementation of the law. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: pp. 124-125 15. Which of the following agencies has the most influence on the health and welfare of U.S. citizens? a. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) b. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) c. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) d. World Health Organization (WHO) ANS: C As the agency to which most health care legislation is delegated, the USDHHS is the agency most heavily involved with the health and welfare of citizens. The AHRQ and CDC are divisions of the USDHHS. WHO's policy-making body provides policy options and guides but not laws. In the textbook, only the USDHHS is discussed regarding its responsibility for Medicare and Medicaid through the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 126 16. Which of the following laws established programs for provision of health services for women and children and supported community-oriented nursing practice? a. Early Periodic Screening and Developmental Testing (EPSDT) Initiative b. Healthy People 2000 Initiative c. Sheppard-Towner Act d. State Child Health Improvement Act (SCHIP) ANS: C The Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921 played an important role in the development of public health policy, public health nursing, and social welfare policy. Of particular importance was the fact that it established standards for programs to serve women and children and made nurses available to provide these services in the community setting. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember (Knowledge) REF: p. 113 Which of the following describes the significance of the passage of The Public Health Threats and Emergencies Act? (Select all that apply.) a. It funded ongoing activities of the public health system. b. It led to improved water quality and food safety guidelines. c. It included funding for public health activities. d. It validated that the public health system was prepared for terrorism. ANS: B, C The Public Health Threats and Emergencies Act was the first federal law to comprehensively address the public health system's preparedness for bioterrorism and other infectious disease outbreaks and signaled the beginning of renewed interest in public health as the protector for entire communities. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 112 Which of the following best describes the importance of the World Health Organization (WHO) to the United States? (Select all that apply.) a. Provides daily information on disease occurrences b. Establishes international standards for antibiotics and vaccines c. Creates international legislation regarding international cooperation d. Supports national programs to fight disease ANS: A, B Some WHO services that benefit all countries (including the United States) are providing day-to-day information service on the occurrence of internationally important diseases; publishing the international list of causes of disease, injury, and death; monitoring adverse reactions to drugs; and establishing international standards for antibiotics and vaccines. Individual countries can request assistance with strengthening the delivery of health services, supporting national programs to fight disease, and training health workers—which the United States does not. WHO can suggest but cannot legislate to individual countries. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 114 Which of the following activities are the responsibility of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention? (Select all that apply.) a. Conduct research to enhance disease prevention b. Detect and investigate infectious disease problems c. Develop and advocate public health policies d. Publish national goals for promoting health and preventing disease ANS: A, B, C The mission of the CDC is to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. To monitor health, the CDC will detect and investigate health problems, conduct research that will enhance prevention, develop and advocate sound public health policies and other prevention strategies. The safety and health of the workplace is the specific responsibility of OSHA. The CDC cannot write or pass legislation. The USDHHS published national health goals in Healthy People 2020. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 115 A nurse is visiting a state legislator to encourage the legislator to vote for a particular health bill that the state nurses association has endorsed. Which of the following actions would be most important for the nurse to complete? (Select all that apply.) a. Allow the legislator or staff to ask questions. b. Be friendly and engage in small talk so that rapport can be established. c. Be aware that legislators are well informed; don't insult the legislator by stating information that is obvious. d. Have a handout that summarizes all the major points in support of the bill. ANS: A, D Legislators might not be well informed about every issue, so they need and want important information. The nurse should allow time for questions or clarification of information shared and have the material on a handout for the legislator's convenience. The nurse should not waste time with small talk but briefly present his or her stand, emphasizing other nurses who support the bill, because numbers count. It is also helpful to invite the legislator to attend nursing conferences or meetings where health issues will be discussed. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 124 A nurse would like to become involved in political action. Which of the following actions would be most appropriate for the nurse to accomplish this goal? (Select all that apply.) a. Become a member of the state nurses association. b. Be friendly with everyone, whether supportive or not of your ideas. c. Don't expend time on local activities but ask to be appointed on the state level. d. Focus all your efforts on your specialty practice area and your employment site act. ANS: A, B A nurse wishing to become politically involved should begin by joining the state nurses association, networking with others involved, and volunteering to serve on committees or in offices. Be friendly and network to increase your knowledge beyond your own workplace or specialty and seek opportunities to share expertise with others. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 124 A nurse is testifying at a committee meeting about a health bill. Which of the following actions should be taken by the nurse? (Select all that apply.) a. Briefly describe personal education, experience, and expertise in the area. b. Discuss how the bill affects more than just nurses. c. Include factual data and, if possible, statistical information in visual form. d. Include the names of famous persons in the media who agree with you. ANS: A, B, C Language must be simple and carefully chosen to convey information to listeners and to avoid professional jargon. The nurse must share a bit of personal education, experience, and expertise to be seen as a credible source. The testimony must go beyond just nursing's interest and include accurate, credible data. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 122 [Show Less]
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Stanhope Ch 5 questions and answers latest 2023. Graded A+
Stanhope Ch 5 questions and answers latest 2023. Graded A+
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Stanhope Ch 1 questions and answers latest 2023
A member of a community weight-loss group has maintained a healthy weight for 2 years through healthy eating and daily exercise. Which of the following ste... [Show More] ps of the affective domain is this participant demonstrating? a) Analysis b) Application c) Evaluation d) Knowledge C Steps in the affective domain have the learner doing the following in this sequence: (1) knowledge: receives the information; (2) comprehension: responds to what is being taught; (3) application: values the information; (4) analysis: makes sense of the information; (5) synthesis: organizes the information; (6) evaluation: adopts behaviors consistent with the new values. In this example, the individual has adopted the behavior and this has resulted in the ability to maintain the value of a healthy weight. A nurse just finished teaching breast self-examination to a large group of women at a professional conference. During the session, she distributed literature and used culturally appropriate visual aids. However, the session was not as effective as it could have been. Which of the following was the most important thing omitted by the nurse? a) Time for audience members to ask questions and clarify the information b) Explanation of why culturally appropriate images are more acceptable c) Opportunity for the women to practice what they learned d) Use of simple language instead of printed material C The learner must have opportunities to practice the new skills being learned. Provide practice sessions during the program because many people may not have the time, facilities, motivation, and/or support to practice at home what they have learned. A nurse is providing an educational program about testicular self-examination (TSE). Which of the following would be the best learning objective for this program? a) Each participant will state why TSE is important and explain how to do it b) Each participant will describe how to do TSE and discuss the dangers of testicular cancer c) 90% of the men will correctly demonstrate testicular self-examination d) 100% of the men will do a testicular examination correctly on a model C If the goal is to learn TSE, the best goal is for the person to be able to do TSE correctly. Being able to state why it is important is a helpful first step, as is practice on a model, but to be sure the person can really do the procedure, you need to allow practice time and feedback until the person can demonstrate the procedure properly. A nurse planned a presentation about the latest trends in disaster planning for the senior nursing students at the local college. However, when the nurse began to share the information, the students were talking to one another and essentially ignoring the nurse. Which of the following actions should be taken by the nurse? a) Ask the students why they are being so rude b) Explain why the information is crucial to their current clinical practice c) Nothing; let the instructor of the course handle the problem. d) Tell a joke to get the students' attention B Before learning can take place, you need to gain the learner's attention. One way to do this is by convincing the learner that the information about to be presented is important and beneficial to them personally. A nurse is using the technique of motivational interviewing when working with a client. Which of the following statements by the client indicates the client is ready to make the change? a) "I should change." b) "I am willing to change." c) "It's important to change." d) "I want to change." B Motivational interviewing uses the term "change talk" to refer to statements by the client that he or she is motivated and willing to make change. An easy to use mnemonic is "DARN-CAT" which refers to desire, ability, reason, need, activation, commitment, and taking steps. "I am willing to change" demonstrates activation, a client who is ready, prepared, and willing to make the change. The other statements refer to the client who is preparing to make the change, but not yet ready to implement the change. A nurse uses lecturing as the primary method of educating clients. Which part of the education process is missing? a) Evaluation b) Experience c) Participation d) Understanding C Educators should include participation. (This is one of the six principles of education.) Merely sitting and listening to someone lecture are not as effective as discussion, even when the presentation is stimulating, interesting, and dynamic. The nurse gives a very informative and engaging presentation and then gives everyone in the audience a handout that outlines the presentation. Later, the nurse discovers that many of the handouts were thrown away before the audience left the building. Which of the following educational principles has the nurse forgotten? a) Audiences expect PowerPoint or video presentations, not lectures. b) Many Americans do not have a high reading level. c) People want photographs and images, not wordy outlines. d) The nurse gave them too much information too fast for them to want to cope with it all. B Although visual images are certainly helpful, this does not explain why the handouts were discarded. Most health information is printed at a tenth-grade reading level—yet the average U.S. adult reads at the eighth-grade level and 40% of adults over age 65 read below the fifth-grade level. If people cannot read or understand the material, they discard it. 8. Which of the following statements regarding the Health Belief Model is accurate? a) Cues to action are an important component of the model b) Multiple methods of education should be used when implementing this model c) The first stage experienced in this model is the pre-contemplation stage d) To successfully implement this model, ongoing maintenance of the behavior must be considered A The Health Belief Model includes six components that attempt to answer the question of what motivates an individual to do something. These components are perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. The pre-contemplation stage is part of the Transtheoretical Model. Maintenance is part of the Precaution Adoption Process Model. A nurse is planning an educational program about cardiovascular disease. Which of the following would be the optimal time for the nurse to elicit feedback from program participants? a) At the beginning of the program b) At the program midpoint c) Immediately following program completion d) Throughout the program D Not only should learners receive feedback, but the educator should also elicit feedback from learners throughout the educational process. On the basis of the feedback that the educator receives from learners, the implementation and presentation of the educational program can be modified. When evaluating an educational program, the nurse discovers that only 25% of community members met the learning objectives. Which of the following parts of the program should be improved? a) Educator b) Content c) Learners d) Objectives A Ultimately, the educator is responsible for the success or failure of the educational process and the development of learner knowledge, skills, and abilities. The educator determines how content can be tailored to the learner. The educator determines the objectives. If evaluation reveals that the learning objectives are not being met, the nurse must determine why the instruction is not effective. The educator is responsible for presenting the material creatively and meaningfully in new ways to increase learner retention and ability to apply the new knowledge. A man says, "I just can't get myself to leave the house and go for a 30-minute walk each day. I wish I could think of some way to motivate myself." Which of the following would be the best action for the nurse to take? a) Establish a written contract between him and his employer that states walking is required each day b) Recognize the reasons why 30 minutes of walking each day is one of the best health promotion activities he can choose c) Join a group that walks early each morning d) Set up rewards for himself, such as a nice snack after he gets back from walking C Health behavior is influenced by the groups to which people belong. Having someone else to walk with is an effective way to maintain the behavior. A nurse is meeting to discuss problems and solutions with a group of teenagers who have been newly diagnosed with diabetes. One teenager states, "My mom found this particular brand of popcorn that has only 15 carbohydrates in the whole giant bag." Which of the following best describes the group purpose that is being served by the teenager's statement? a) Maintenance function of encouraging everyone to continue the discussion b) Maintenance function of helping everyone feel comfortable talking about food c) Task function of resolving problems about what to nibble during movies d) Task function of sharing information and resources D A task function is anything a member does that deliberately contributes to the group's purpose. Members with task-directed abilities are attractive to the group. These traits include strong problem-solving skills, access to material resources, and skills in directing. The teenager's statement shared information about a good resource for the group. A nurse invited all the teenagers who were newly diagnosed with diabetes to a group meeting to discuss issues they all had in common. One teenager replied, "I don't know if I want to share all the problems I'm having with strangers." Which of the following is the best nurse response? a) "Don't share anything with anyone until you're comfortable doing so." b) "I can understand what you are saying." c) "No one will require you to do anything you don't want to do." d) "The purpose of the group is to have a safe place to share problems with others who may be having similar problems." D All the responses are empathetic and supportive. However, during the first phase, potential participants do not know whether they can trust one another. The primary task of the leader at this point is to clarify the purpose. Even though a statement such as "Don't share anything until you're comfortable" is supportive, the response explaining that "the purpose is to have a safe place" both recognizes what was said and clarifies the purpose of the group. The leader of an Alzheimer's support group surveys the members of the group to determine the best time for the group to meet. Which of the following norms is being supported through this action? a) Group norms b) Task norms c) Maintenance norms d) Reality norms C Maintenance norms create group pressure to affirm members and maintain their comfort. Maintenance behaviors include identifying the social and psychological tensions of members and taking steps to support those members at high-stress times. Maintenance norms often refer to things such as scheduling meetings at convenient times and in an accessible and comfortable space. A nurse established an ongoing group meeting of teenagers with diabetes. In the early stages, the nurse was very directive in arranging location, providing low-carbohydrate drinks and snacks, steering the discussion, and trying to meet all the teenagers' needs. After the group had been meeting for about 3 months, the nurse noticed that the group members no longer simply accepted everything the nurse suggested. Instead, the teenagers began making decisions themselves, and eventually, the nurse no longer controlled the group. Which of the following most likely happened to cause this shift? a) The group became cohesive enough to share leadership tasks b) Teenagers don't like feeling dependent on adults with power c) Teenagers often rebel against adult authority d) The nurse was overwhelmed and lost control of task process A In the beginning, the nurse used an authoritarian style because the nurse was responsible for the group direction. However, as the group matured, continuing an authoritarian style would have resulted in low morale and lack of cohesion. After a group is well established, nurses may best facilitate leadership by relinquishing central control and encouraging group members themselves to determine the norms for their group. A group of teenagers with diabetes become upset and angry because they cannot agree on whether or not to have meetings during summer vacation. Which of the following should the nurse do to be effective in helping the teenagers resolve the conflict? a) Admit that it is difficult for everyone to agree on everything; then ask whether the group can try to decide how to agree on the issue. b) Assume adult authority and announce that meetings will be suspended until fall. c) Recognize that most of the teenagers want to have the meetings, but two are being stubborn; ask the two deviant members to leave the group. d) Suggest that the group avoid discussing it further but rather think about it over the next week and try to discuss the situation more rationally next week. A When you respond to conflict by avoiding (suggesting that they avoid further discussion), forcing with power (assuming adult authority), capitulating, or excluding some members (asking the deviant members to leave), the behavior fails to satisfy the concerns of those involved. Open communication and recognition that conflict is inevitable may allow the group to focus on a procedure for fairly resolving the conflict. A nurse has been making ongoing visits to a preschool to help the staff teach the children important skills, such as brushing their teeth after meals. Now the nurse is scheduled to teach carbohydrate counting to adults newly diagnosed with diabetes. Which of the following actions will the nurse need to take when teaching this population? (Select all that apply.) a) Appeal to the need for autonomy and choice b) Emphasize that anyone with diabetes must know this information c) Explain how to cope with being a guest at a dinner d) Recognize that this audience will depend on the instructor to set goals for learning A, C For this audience, the best approach will be to use adult experiences and practical problems as learning motivators—for instance, appealing to adults' sense of autonomy and choice, basing examples on practical adult situations such as cooking meals or eating in restaurants, and discussing how clients can cope with possibly awkward situations such as being a guest at dinner but having diet restrictions. [Show Less]
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Stanhope Ch 26 questions and answers graded A+
Which of the following is the number one cause of death worldwide? a) Chronic diseases (heart disease, cancer, stroke) b) Infectious diseases c) I... [Show More] njuries (accidental or purposeful) d) Terrorism A In countries with higher standards of living, where people live longer, chronic diseases—heart disease, cancer, and stroke—are the leading causes of death. Infectious diseases, however, are still the number-one cause of death worldwide. Which of the following places best describes where the incidence of Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is currently rising? a) Areas where people share dressing or bathing facilities b) Daycare centers and schools c) Long-term care facilities d) Senior citizen centers A Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus(MRSA) remain problems for people who acquire the bacteria in the hospital, but there is a growing incidence of community-acquired MRSA in places where people closely share facilities such as locker rooms, prisons, and other close bathing areas. During an outbreak of hepatitis A, nurses are giving injections of hepatitis A immunoglobulin to selected susceptible persons. Which of the following best describes the type of immunity that will follow the administration of these injections? a) Active immunity b) Long-lasting immunity c) Natural immunity d) Passive immunity D Passive immunity refers to immunization through the transfer of a specific antibody from an immunized individual to a nonimmunized individual, such as the transfer of antibody by administration of an antibody-containing preparation (immune globulin or antiserum). Passive immunity from immune globulin is almost immediate but short-lived. It often is induced as a stopgap measure until active immunity has had time to develop after vaccination. A man loudly protests his increased property tax bill right after the public health department has made a plea for more funds. "Why," he asks, "should my tax dollars be used to pay for their children to be immunized?" Which of the following would be the best response by the nurse? a) "Immunizations are required by law, and if their parents can't afford it, you and I will have to pay for it." b) "It's just the right thing to do." c) "Only by making sure most kids are immunized can we stop epidemics that might hurt all of us." d) "We're a religious God-fearing community, and we take care of each other." C Herd immunity is the resistance of a group of people to invasion and spread of an infectious agent because a high proportion of individual members of a group are resistant to the infection. Higher immunization coverage will lead to greater herd immunity, which in turn will block the further spread of the disease Which of the following components of the epidemiologic triangle contributes most to a female client developing a vaginal infection caused by fungi after successful treatment of her strep throat with antibiotics? a) Agent b) Environment c) Host d) Agent and host B The antibiotic therapy eliminates a specific pathological agent, but it also may alter the balance of normally occurring organisms in the woman's body, which causes a change in the vaginal environment and allows normally present fungi to proliferate, resulting in a yeast infection. Which of the following best represents an example of infectious disease spreading via a vector? a) Being bitten by an infected mosquito b) Disease spreading from infected mother to infant via the placenta c) A group of partygoers hugging and shaking hands d) Two persons, one of whom is infected, sharing a glass of soda A Vertical transmission is the passing of infection from parent to offspring via placenta. Horizontal transmission is the person-to-person spread of infection through (among other ways) contact. Common vehicle refers to transportation of the infectious agent from an infected host to a susceptible host via food, water, milk, or other substance. Vectors include mosquitoes, which can transmit the infectious agent by biting the host. A nurse's Mantoux test is positive for exposure to tuberculosis. Which of the following conclusions should be drawn by the nurse? a) The nurse has been exposed to tuberculosis b) The nurse has tuberculosis c) The positive test result probably is due to a problem in the testing process d) The test is inaccurate and needs to be repeated A An individual who tests positive has been exposed and may be infected, but if that person shows no clinical signs, the person is not diseased. Infection refers to the entry, development, and multiplication of the infectious agent in the susceptible host. Disease is one of the possible outcomes of infection. People with latent TB have no symptoms, are not infectious, and can continue on with life. They may develop active TB. A nurse who interacts with clients may receive INH for a year as a precaution. A student engages in unprotected sex under the influence of alcohol. The student decides to have an HIV test completed the next day. Which of the following results will most likely occur? a) The results will probably be negative for HIV b) The results will probably be positive for HIV c) The probability of disease is so low there is no reason to be tested d) The test results won't be reliable so soon after exposure D It may take up to 6 months after exposure to the HIV virus before an HIV antibody test can test positive, although most infected people will test positive within 3 months. A negative test, therefore, is not a reliable indicator of infection status if exposure is very recent. The incubation period or the time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms of the disease may be between 10 and 15 years for AIDS. Which of the following data would most likely be collected in a syndromic surveillance system? a) Incidence of bioterrorism attacks b) Number of air travelers c) Incidence of school absenteeism d) Number of influenza vaccines administered C Syndromic surveillance systems use existing health data in real time to provide immediate analysis and feedback to those charged with investigation and follow-up of potential outbreaks. These systems incorporate factors such as the previously mentioned temporal and geographic clustering and unusual age distributions with groups of disease symptoms or syndromes (e.g., flaccid paralysis, respiratory signs, skin rashes, gastrointestinal symptoms) with the goal of detecting early signs of diseases that could result from a bioterrorism-related attack. Syndromic surveillance systems may include tracking emergency department visits sorted by syndrome symptoms as well as other indicators of illness including school absenteeism and sales of selected over-the-counter medications. In recent years, the tracking of cold medicines used to make crystal methamphetamine has received considerable attention. A community is experiencing an epidemic of the measles. The nurse is trying to determine if this problem is happening in other communities as well. Which of the following resources should the nurse use to answer this question? a) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Weekly Report b) Communicable Diseases Weekly Report c) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report d) Weekly National Report of Communicable Diseases C Requirements for disease reporting in the United States are mandated by state rather than federal law. The list of reportable diseases varies by state. State health departments, on a voluntary basis, report cases of selected diseases to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia. The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) data are collated and published weekly in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). There is great concern in the nurse's community over three local cases of West Nile virus. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to get the community involved in addressing this problem? a) Ask the state department of health for assistance b) Demand that everyone over age 65 become immunized immediately c) Encourage immunization of all children under 12 d) Have an educational campaign to remove any containers of standing water D Periodic outbreaks of West Nile virus appear to result from a complex interaction of multiple factors, including weather—especially hot, dry summers followed by rain, which influences mosquito breeding sites and population growth. Removing standing water will remove mosquito breeding sites. Which of the following is the most probable cause of the increase in new emerging infectious diseases? a) Activities or behavior of humans, including changes in the environment b) Increasing urbanization and growth in new housing materials c) New infectious agents are evolving throughout the world d) Overpopulation in many areas, creating a need to reduce global population A Most of the emergence factors are consequences of activities and behavior of the human hosts and of environmental changes such as deforestation, urbanization, and industrialization. For example, the rise in households with two working parents has increased the number of children in daycare, and with this shift has come an increase in diarrheal diseases such as shigellosis. Urbanization is not a problem, but increasing development into formerly unaffected areas such as rainforests is. Which of the following best describes the current goal in relation to communicable diseases? a) To control political borders so diseases cannot spread further b) To exterminate specific infectious agents one by one c) To expand health care facilities to improve infectious disease treatment d) To achieve worldwide immunization to control new cases B The goal of prevention and control programs is to reduce the prevalence of a disease to a level at which it no longer poses a major public health problem. In some cases, diseases may even be eliminated or eradicated. The goal of elimination is to remove a disease from a large geographical area (e.g., a country or region of the world), such as has been done with polio in the Americas. Eradication is the irreversible termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of the infectious agents worldwide, as has been done with smallpox. Which of the following biological warfare agents poses the greatest bioterrorism threat to a community? a) Anthrax b) Botulism c) Smallpox d) Tularemia A Because of factors such as the ability to become an aerosol, the resistance to environmental degradation, and a high fatality rate, inhalational anthrax is considered to have an extremely high potential for being the single greatest biological warfare threat. Which of the following public health actions has been particularly instrumental in reducing childhood infectious diseases in the United States? a) Answering parents' questions about the safety and importance of vaccines today b) Educational campaigns to all health care providers about the importance of immunizations whenever a child is seen c) "No shots, no school" legislation, which legally requires children be immunized before school d) Offering all immunizations to all children free of any charge C Vaccines are one of the most effective methods of preventing and controlling communicable diseases. Hopefully, all nurses answer questions, remind colleagues to think about immunizations whenever a child is seen, and encourage continuing free or low-cost immunization clinics. One of the most effective programs has been the "no shots, no school" legislation, which has resulted in the immunization of most children by the time they enter school. A student comes to the college health clinic with typical cold symptoms of fever, sneezing, and coughing, but the nurse also notes small white spots on the inside of the student's cheeks. Which of the following actions should be taken by the college health nurse? a) Inform all students, staff, and faculty of a possible rubella epidemic b) Inform all students, staff, and faculty of a possible measles epidemic c) Reassure the student that it is just a bad cold and will soon pass d) Tell the student to take two acetaminophen and drink lots of fluids B Measles is an acute, highly contagious disease that, although considered a childhood illness, is often seen in the United States in adolescents and young adults. Symptoms include fever, sneezing, coughing, conjunctivitis, small white spots on the inside of the cheek (Koplik spots), and a red, blotchy rash beginning several days after the respiratory signs. Measles is serious. Around 10% of measles cases require hospital admission. It can lead to pneumonia and encephalitis, and it can kill. Persons who may have been exposed should be informed that anyone under 18 who has not received both immunization doses should receive measles vaccine. An instructor is reviewing Salmonella infections with her class. Which of the following comments indicates that the student needs further review on how Salmonella is spread? a) "Certain pets and farm animals may be Salmonella carriers." b) "It is possible to transmit Salmonella by person-to-person contact." c) "Salmonella may be spread by spores that form once contaminated blood is exposed to the air." d) "Salmonella outbreaks are usually due to contaminated meat, poultry, and eggs." C Meat, poultry, and eggs are the foods most often associated with salmonellosis outbreaks. Animals are the common reservoir for the various Salmonella serotypes, although infected humans may also fill this role. Animals are more likely to be chronic carriers. Reptiles such as iguanas have been implicated as Salmonella carriers, along with pet turtles, poultry, cattle, swine, rodents, dogs, and cats. Person-to-person transmission is an important consideration in daycare and institutional settings. Anthrax (not Salmonella) forms spores when infected blood is exposed to air. Which of the following is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States? a) Babesiosis b) Ehrlichiosis c) Lyme disease d) Rocky Mountain spotted fever C All four are diseases borne by ticks as the vectors. Lyme disease became a nationally notifiable disease in 1991 and is now the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. A student complains to the college health nurse that her academic work has been going downhill because of lack of sleep. "My 3-year-old probably misses her babysitter since she has started going to the big daycare center. She hasn't been sleeping well and keeps scratching her bottom. Hopefully, she'll adapt to daycare soon." Which of the following information should the nurse provide to the student? a) "Dry skin in winter weather can cause itchiness; try to put on lotion before bedtime." b) "Your daughter may have pinworms; let me teach you how to check for this." c) "Perhaps your child is not developmentally ready for group play." d) "Try to arrange more one-on-one time with your 3-year-old." B Enterobiasis (pinworm infection) is the most common helminthic infection in the United States with about 42 million cases a year. This infection is seen most often among children in institutional settings. Pinworms cause itching, especially around the anus, which can result in a lack of sleep for both child and caregiver. Which of the following is the most common vector-borne disease worldwide? a) Dengue b) Malaria c) Onchocerciasis (river blindness) d) Yellow fever B Globally, malaria is the most prevalent vector-borne disease, with over 2.4 billion people at risk and more than 275 million cases reported each year. More than 1 million children die of malaria each year. Dengue is the second most common vector-borne disease. At a town meeting with public health officials to discuss a communicable disease outbreak, a nurse is asked to explain what is meant by the phrase "a virulent organism." The nurse explains that this means the organism causing the disease is able to do which of the following? a) Bypass normal immunological response mechanisms b) Invade major organ systems c) Produce toxins and poisons that weaken the body d) Produce very severe physical reactions D Virulence is the ability to produce a severe pathological reaction. A client is using a primary prevention strategy to prevent infectious disease. Which of the following actions is the client most likely taking? a) A client receives a tetanus booster every 10 years b) A client receives a tetanus booster after stepping on a nail c) A client receives tetanus immunoglobulin after stepping on a nail d) A client with tetanus is given antibiotics and is placed on seizure precautions A Tetanus boosters given before exposure are a measure of primary prevention because exposure has not yet occurred. If given after exposure (i.e., the client may be infected but disease has not developed), they are considered secondary prevention (similar to the textbook examples of immunoglobulin and rabies immunizations given after exposure). Immunoglobulin would be given if the client had not been previously immunized; however, this again is after exposure, so it is secondary prevention. Because the client has the condition, treatment is aimed at prevention of further injury. 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Stanhope Chapter 14 questions and answers with complete top solutions
1. Which of the following best defines a disaster? a. Any event that results in multiple deaths b. Devastation that cannot be relieved without assistance... [Show More] c. Devastation that covers a broad geographical area d. When the event results in multiple injuries and deaths as well as property damage ANS: B A disaster is any human-made or natural event that causes destruction and devastation that cannot be relieved without assistance. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember (Knowledge) REF: pp. 248-249 2. Which of the following best describes countries that bear the greatest burden of disasters? a. Arid regions that are prone to drought b. Developing countries with limited resources c. Industrialized countries with much to lose d. Water-boundary regions that are prone to floods and hurricanes ANS: B Disasters create the most devastation in developing countries, where the death rate is up to 12 times higher than in developed countries. The people of low socioeconomic status suffer the most because their houses are less sturdy and they have fewer resources and less means of social security. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 249 00:40 01:29 3. What is the purpose of the National Response Framework? a. Create a new branch of government that deals with bioterrorism b. Establish a way for the Red Cross to carry out its mission c. Develop a nationwide all-hazards approach to domestic incident management d. Extend presidential power to act quickly upon weapons of mass destruction ANS: C The National Response Framework is a unified, all-discipline, all-hazards approach to domestic incident management. It is built upon scalable, flexible, and adaptable coordinating structures to align key roles and responsibilities linking all levels of government and organizations. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 250 4. When does disaster management begin? a. Before the disaster occurs b. During the disaster c. Immediately following the disaster d. During the recovery period ANS: A Disaster management includes the four stages of a disaster: prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. The first stage of prevention (or mitigation) occurs before the disaster occurs. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 250 5. A nurse is focused on mitigation of disasters at the international level. Which of the following activities would the nurse most likely complete? a. Provide community educational programs and training on how to prepare for disasters. b. Request donations be sent to the affected area. c. Develop a notification procedure to be used by the international disaster relief office. d. Recruit volunteers to be a part of the disaster team that will travel to the afflicted area. ANS: A Mitigation refers to actions to prevent specific disasters from occurring or to reduce the severity of a disaster's effects if it cannot be avoided. Providing community educational programs on disaster preparedness is the only intervention that addresses mitigation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis) REF: p. 251 6. A nurse is employed by the American Red Cross and is frequently assigned to fly to a disaster zone. Which of the following should the nurse's family members have readily available? a. Gloves, mask, and other personal protective equipment b. A copy of the nurse's professional license c. A 5-day supply of water d. A disaster/emergency plan ANS: D The nurse and the nurse's family are best protected by having the skills and knowledge to cope with a disaster, including details such as where families will reunite in the event of an emergency. The nurse should have his/her own copy of the professional license. It is recommended that a 3-day supply of water (1 gallon per person per day) be part of an emergency planning kit. Gloves, mask, and other personal protective equipment are recommended for the professional nurse to have available as an emergency supply. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: pp. 252-253 7. A nurse is working with a community during the preparedness stage of disaster management. Which of the following events would the nurse anticipate occurring? a. Heightened inspection and increased security in the community b. Incorporation of provision of pets into local disaster plans c. Purchase of personal protective equipment for all citizens d. Assembly of disaster kits for the home, workplace, and car ANS: A Disaster kit assembly for the home, workplace, and car, especially by nurses, occurs during the preparedness phase. The other answers are false or describe the other stages. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: pp. 252-253 8. A community health nurse has invited several agencies in the community to a meeting to discuss the disaster plan for the community. Which of the following best describes the purpose of this meeting? a. To increase stability in the community b. To improve overall community functioning c. To manage response to disasters in the community d. To enhance communication among agencies in the community ANS: C The level of community preparedness for a disaster is only as good as the people and organizations in the community make it. Although natural disasters cannot be prevented, much can be done to minimize further increases in accidents, death, and destruction after impact. A concise, realistic, and well-rehearsed disaster plan is essential for managing the response to disaster. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 254 9. The local hospital, health department, and university together planned and implemented a mock casualty drill, with the university's theater and nursing students playing the injured victims. After the drill, which of the following would the nursing students most likely complete? a. Volunteer as leaders in the next casualty drill b. Evaluate the drill and offer recommendations for more effectiveness in the future c. Recognize how to respond to a real disaster in the future d. Write a report on their actions and how they felt during the drill ANS: B The nursing students should be prepared to offer a critique of the drill performance and suggest improvements for the next drill—or for an actual disaster. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 254 10. Which of the following organizations would direct nurses' response to a county-wide disaster? a. American Red Cross b. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention c. Emergency Management Agency d. The local public health department ANS: C The first level of disaster response occurs at the local level with the mobilization of responders such as the fire department, law enforcement, public health, and emergency services. If the disaster stretches local resources, the county or city emergency management agency (EMA) will coordinate activities through an emergency operations center (EOC). Generally, local responders within a county sign a regional or state-wide mutual aid agreement to allow the sharing of needed personnel, equipment, services, and supplies. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 256 11. A nurse is attempting to minimize damage following a bioterrorism attack in the community. Which of the following would be the most crucial aspect for the nurse to consider? a. Detecting an increase in people with similar signs and symptoms b. Identifying typical chemical or biological agents c. Identifying factors that put people at risk d. Recognizing areas of vulnerability within an area ANS: A An unannounced dissemination of a biological agent may easily go unnoticed, and the victims may have left the area of exposure long before the act of terrorism is recognized. Therefore, the first and most important aspect is recognizing that an outbreak has occurred by noting the increase in people presenting with similar signs and symptoms. The next step is striving to identify the biological or chemical agent. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: pp. 256-257 12. Which of the following older adults is most in need of psychological support? a. The older adult who keeps asking if loans will be available for him to rebuild b. The older adult who keeps asking if he can go back home yet c. The older adult who keeps lamenting the loss of his family photos d. The older adult who keeps talking about how expensive his home theater was and how he will never be able to afford to replace it ANS: C Older adults react deeply to the loss of personal possessions because of the high sentimental value attached to the items. Homes and electronic equipment can be replaced, but family photos, and therefore family history, are not replaceable but lost forever. Such a loss warrants psychological support. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 258 00:12 01:29 13. A community is experiencing the Honeymoon phase following a disaster. Which of the following is most likely to occur in the community? a. First responders work tirelessly to save others b. Survivors share their stories c. Medical personnel experience exhaustion d. Community organizations rebuild the community ANS: B During the Honeymoon phase, survivors rejoice for their survival and may share their experiences and stories. First responders work tirelessly to save others during the Heroic Phase. Medical personnel experience exhaustion during the Disillusionment Phase. The community begins to rebuild during the Reconstruction Phase. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 259 14. A nurse was the first on the scene of a disaster and saw people with injuries ranging from minor to serious. Some of those with minor injuries were helping others. Which of the following injured persons would the nurse assist first? a. Those with life-threatening head and chest injuries b. Those who have life-threatening abdominal injuries c. Those who have serious injuries of limbs d. Those who are hurt but still mobile and functioning ANS: B Triage is the process of separating casualties and allocating treatment on the basis of the victims' potentials for survival. The nurse will determine how seriously hurt individuals are and who should get care first, with the first priority being those who have life-threatening injuries but will probably survive if treated quickly. Although the textbook does not address the issue, because of the limited resources in a disaster situation and the fact that only the nurse is currently available to give care, seriously hurt individuals with head or chest injuries that have only a small chance of surviving are not treated. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis) REF: p. 260 15. A nurse is assessing persons arriving at a shelter following a disaster. Which of the following would be the first action the nurse should take? a. Limit the amount of equipment and medications brought into the shelter. b. Determine if the person has a psychological condition requiring special attention. c. Assess if this type of facility is appropriate for the person. d. Provide medical care for persons as if they were in a hospital. ANS: C Any person who comes to a special needs shelter must be assessed by a nurse to determine whether this type of facility is appropriate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis) REF: p. 261 16. A nurse learns about a huge disaster a few states away. Which of the following actions by the nurse would be most helpful in this situation? a. Contributing funds to any charity that is assisting the victims b. Driving over to the area and volunteering to assist c. Sending clothes and food to the area for distribution d. Training to become a Red Cross disaster volunteer ANS: D Lack of information or inaccurate information regarding the scope of the disaster and its initial effects can contribute to the misuse of resources. Often too many volunteers who lack official sponsorship convene at the site of disaster and are disappointed when their help cannot be used. Similarly, well-meaning people may send clothes and food to disaster sites. The unneeded contributions of food and clothing add to the stress of coping with the disaster, particularly if refrigeration and storage are not available. Although contributing to an organization like the American Red Cross is to be encouraged and commended, many fraudulent scam charities may pop up claiming to collect funds for the victims. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 260 17. On the second day after a disaster, a male colleague tells the nurse he has a splitting headache. The nurse notes the colleague is feeling irritable and having difficulty focusing. Which of the following actions should the nurse take in response to the complaint of headache? a. Explain that the headache and problems focusing are probably the result of worry, so he should concentrate on the work at hand and deal with emotions later. b. Explain that he is experiencing signs and symptoms of psychological stress and recommend that he take some time off for a break. c. Explain to the worker that this is a common problem when multitasking under pressure and suggest that he focus on one task at a time. d. Suspect dehydration and encourage the worker to drink more fluids. ANS: B Symptoms of early stress and burnout include minor tremors, nausea, inability to concentrate, difficulty thinking, and problems with memory. Suppressing feelings of guilt, powerlessness, anger, and other signs of stress eventually will lead to symptoms such as irritability, fatigue, headaches, and distortions of bodily functions. It is normal to experience stress, but it must be addressed. The worst thing anyone can do is to deny that it exists. The American Red Cross recommends that the worker get enough sleep and take time away from the disaster (i.e., take breaks). DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: pp. 261-262 18. A nurse, after working two weeks at the site of the largest natural disaster to hit the United States, returns home. Which of the following behaviors would suggest the nurse needs professional assistance? a. The nurse becomes angry when family members quit listening to her ongoing stories about the disaster and the problems there. b. The nurse gives a presentation at the local college about the disaster and describes how health professionals were able to assist the victims who were injured. c. The nurse is moody and feels family demands are not really as important as the other members of her family think they are. d. The nurse is very exhausted and asks to have 3 personal days off from employment responsibilities. ANS: A It is understandable that the nurse would return exhausted and moody. Indeed, concerns of major importance to family members may seem trivial when compared with problems the disaster victims were confronting. However, the fact that the nurse needs to continue to ventilate about the disaster, even after the family has quit listening, would suggest a delayed stress reaction that is not resolving and therefore warrants professional intervention. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 262 19. After a house fire, a 4-year-old child begins sucking his thumb and wetting his bed. Which of the following would be the most appropriate action for the nurse to take? a. Explain to the child that it is important to be strong and not act like a baby. b. Explain to the family that this behavior is a normal reaction to disaster. c. Recommend admission for inpatient psychological counseling. d. Recommend behavior therapy as a means to overcome regression. ANS: B The effects on young children can be especially disruptive. They can resort to regressive behaviors such as sucking their thumbs, wetting their beds, crying, and clinging to parents. This regression is normal in response to the event. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 258 [Show Less]
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Stanhope 9th Edition Chapter 1 questions and answers with verified content
One of the primary focuses of improving the health of the American people in the twenty-first century is to address: a. bioterrorism and global health th... [Show More] reats. b. delivery of individual care and hygiene. c. the need for increased hospital and acute care. d. chronic disease and disability management. ANS: A There are new concerns, and of the most serious are bioterrorism and globally induced infections, such as the avian flu. These threats will divert health care funds and resources from other health care programs to be spent for public safety. The others are not related to public health or are concerns that have been present for many years. REF: p. 5 A community is concerned about the threat of bioterrorism. Which of the following best describes the basis for this concern? a. Bioterrorism has the potential to dissolve community-based programs. b. This threat could cause the health care system to collapse. c. The threat of bioterrorism may divert funds from other public safety health care programs. d. Fear of bioterrorism will increase the need for shelters. ANS: C Bioterrorism may have an impact on the availability of resources for public safety health care programs. Because funds are diverted it is possible that community-based programs would be eliminated, the health care system could experience changes, and that there would be an increase in the need for shelter. However, all of these things would happen because of the diversion of funds. REF: p. 5 Which of the following describes the consequence of the successful implementation of the Affordable Care Act? a. Americans will pay closer attention to their health status. b. The majority of the population will be covered by insurance. c. Public health departments will need to increase the number of nursing positions. d. The prevalence of obesity will decrease. ANS: B One consequence of successful implementation of the Affordable Care Act might actually be that the majority of the population would be covered by insurance and public health agencies will not need to provide direct clinical services in order to assure that those who need them can receive them. The Affordable Care Act will not directly cause Americans to pay closer attention to their health status or decrease the prevalence of obesity. REF: p. 5 The public health nurse (PHN) must participate in the essential services of public health. Which of the following most accurately describes one of the essential services of public health? a. Monitoring health status by completing a community assessment b. Diagnosing and investigating health problems in the world c. Informing, educating, and empowering people about health issues d. Working in law enforcement to regulate health and ensure safety ANS: C The PHN monitors health status in several ways, completing a community assessment is only one way that health status is monitored. The PHN would not diagnose or solve "world" problems, or work in law enforcement. Rather, the PHN would participate with local regulators to protect communities and empower people to address health issues. REF: p. 8 (How to Box) A public health department is using the mission of public health as described by the Institute of Medicine when planning its health programming. Which of the following activities will most likely be implemented? a. Tracking avian flu outbreaks and doing surveillance in the United States b. Providing a flu shot for an elderly person at the health department c. Keeping track of alternative therapies in use in the United States d. Keeping snake antivenom at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta ANS: A The Institute of Medicine's stated mission on public health is "to generate organized community and technical knowledge to prevent disease and promote health." Tracking avian flu outbreaks and doing surveillance applies this concept at a population level. Providing a flu shot for an elderly person only addresses individual care. Keeping track of the use of alternative therapies does nothing to prevent disease or promote health of the population. Keeping snake antivenom is aimed at disease care for an individual, not health promotion or disease prevention. REF: p. 6 A public health department makes sure that the essential community-oriented health services are available in the community. Which of the following core public health functions is being implemented? a. Policy development b. Assessment c. Assurance d. Scientific knowledge-based care ANS: C Assurance focuses on the responsibility of public health agencies to ensure certain activities have been appropriately carried out to meet public health goals and plans. Policy development seeks to build constituencies that can help bring about change in public policy. Assessment includes activities that involve collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information on both the health status and the health-related aspects of a community or a specific population. Public health is based on scientific knowledge, but is not a core function. REF: p. 14 The purpose of public health core functions is to: a. clarify the role of the government in fulfilling the mission of public health. b. ensure the safety of populations in receiving quality health care. c. provide community-based individualized care to every person in the United States. d. unite public and private providers of care in a comprehensive approach to providing health care. ANS: A As defined by the Institute of Medicine in its 1988 report The Future of Public Health, assessment, policy development, and assurance are core functions at all levels of government for the purpose of clarifying the government's role. REF: p. 6 Which of the following statements about public health is accurate? a. Prevention of early deaths can be more effectively accomplished by medical treatment than by public health approaches. b. Expenditures and resources for public health have increased in recent years. c. Historically, gains in the health of populations have been related largely to changes in safety, sanitation, and personal behavior. d. Reform of the medical insurance system is the single change needed to improve the health of Americans. ANS: C Fielding and Tilson have asserted that most of the increase in life span has been made through improvements in sanitation, clean water supplies, making workplaces safer, improving food and drug safety, immunizing children, and improving nutrition, hygiene, and housing. Medical treatment has not made as significant of an impact on the life span as public health measures. Funding for public health in recent years has been on a gradual decline. Although reform of the medical insurance system may help improve the health of Americans, there are many other factors that will need to be addressed. REF: p. 5 A PHN collects data and monitors the health status of the population. Which of the following core public health functions is being implemented? a. Assessment b. Prevention c. Assurance d. Policy development ANS: A Assessment consists of systematic data collection and monitoring health status. Prevention is not a core function, assurance is making sure essential services are available, and policy development is needed to provide leadership in developing policies. REF: p. 6 The PHN compares the rate of teenage pregnancy in various areas of the city. Which of the core functions of public health is being implemented? a. Assurance b. Assessment c. Prevention d. Policy development ANS: B Assessment refers to systematic data collection, which this nurse is doing for teenage pregnancy. Prevention is not a core function, assurance is making sure essential services are available, and policy development is needed to provide leadership in developing policies. REF: p. 6 A PHN develops and implements local public health policies through partnerships with agencies, organizations, and consumers within the community. Which of the following core public health functions is being used? a. Assessment b. Prevention c. Assurance d. Policy development ANS: D Policy development deals with developing and implementing health policies. Prevention is not a core function, assurance is making sure essential services are available, and assessment refers to systematic data collection REF: p. 6 12. A nurse provides for the availability of essential personal health services for people who would otherwise not receive health care. Which of the public health core functions is being used? a. Assessment b. Prevention c. Assurance d. Policy development ANS: C Assurance deals with the availability of health services. Prevention is not a core function, assessment refers to systematic data collection, and policy development refers to the need to provide leadership in developing health policies. REF: p. 6 The nurse manager makes sure that the staff members who work in a local clinic are competent in their job responsibilities. Which of the public health core functions is being demonstrated? a. Assurance b. Assessment c. Prevention d. Policy development ANS: A Assurance refers to making sure a competent health care workforce is available. Prevention is not a core function, assessment refers to systematic data collection, and policy development refers to the need to provide leadership in developing health policies. REF: p. 6 A nurse performs activities to meet the primary goals of public health. Which of the following is the nurse most likely to complete? a. Ensuring that a newly diagnosed 40-year-old hypertensive man takes his medication b. Finding home care for a 70-year-old client recuperating from a hip replacement c. Conducting an infant car seat safety check d. Contacting a local hospice to admit a terminally ill 60-year-old woman ANS: C The correct answer is concerned with the health of many people, while the other answers address individual interventions. According to the Core Functions Project, all levels of health care, including population-based public health care, must be funded or the goal of health of populations may never be reached. REF: p. 6 A community health nurse collects data about the number and proportion of persons aged 25 or older with less than a high school education. Which of the following best describes this data? a. Sociodemographic characteristics b. Health status data c. Health risk factors d. Health care resource consumption information ANS: A The number and proportion of people is a sociodemographic characteristic. Health status includes birth and death rates. Health risk factors discuss proportions of populations who have particular health conditions or health risks. Health care resource consumption refers to spending on health care per capita. REF: p. 9 (Box 1-1) [Show Less]
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Stanhope Chapter 3questions and answers graded A solutions
1. A public health agency is planning to implement the electronic health record. Which of the following is a benefit of this choice? a. Facilitation of in... [Show More] terprofessional care b. Improved client compliance with medical regimens c. Cost savings to the agency d. Compliance with JCAHO standards ANS: A The electronic medical record facilitates interprofessional care in chronic disease management and coordination of referrals; 24-hour availability of records with downloaded laboratory results and up-to-date assessments; incorporation of protocol reminders for prevention, screening, and management of chronic disease; improvement of quality measurement and monitoring; increased client safety; and decline in medication errors. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 37 2. A community health nurse is trying to increase enrollment in SCHIP. Which of the following interventions would be most effective? a. Explaining the program to children enrolled in public school systems b. Handing out SCHIP applications to uninsured children seen in local hospital emergency departments c. Having a newspaper campaign with information and applications printed in the newspaper d. Sending literature about the SCHIP program home with schoolchildren each year ANS: B SCHIP builds on Medicaid to provide insurance coverage to low-income, uninsured children who are not eligible for Medicaid. Thus, the population that needs to be targeted for SCHIP is those being seen for medical care who do not have insurance. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 37 3. A nurse is explaining the health care system in the United States to a group of physicians visiting from South America. How would the nurse best describe the current health care system? a. "It is a logical, rational approach to meeting expressed needs while still trying to control costs." b. "It is a system in the process of reform as problems have become increasingly apparent." c. "It is divided primarily into two components: private health care and public health care." d. "It is the best in the world with outstanding research and high-technology care available to all." ANS: C Health care in the United States consists of a personal care system and a public health system, with overlap between the two. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 39 4. Which of the following best describes ideal primary health care? a. Based on a multidisciplinary group of health care providers that work as a team b. Essential care available to all community members, which encourages self-management c. Focused on health promotion and disease prevention for everyone enrolled in the health center d. Local efforts to meet the Declaration of Alma Ata principles ANS: B Primary health care is generally defined as essential care made universally accessible to individuals and families in a community with their full participation and at a cost that the community can afford. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 39 5. How does managed care attempt to control costs of care? a. By encouraging families to use the point of service list of individual practice associates b. By requiring families to choose a care provider from the MC network and not allowing access to other services without their provider's permission c. By moving Medicaid-eligible families onto state Medicare enrollment d. By refusing permission for families to use urgent care or emergency department services ANS: B Managed care is a system in which care is delivered by a specific network of providers. Each provider serves as a gatekeeper who controls access to other providers and services. Cost is reduced because members cannot use specialists or seek hospital or other care without permission from their primary care providers. Thus, those enrolled in Medicaid managed care have restrictions that help keep costs down for government (and for taxpayers). DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember (Knowledge) REF: p. 40 6. An 80-year-old woman comes to the community health care facility with a large bag of medications. She tells the nurse she can no longer afford these medications because her only income is Social Security. Which statement is the best response by the nurse? a. "Let's go through these medications and see which ones we can delete." b. "You can get these medicines at this clinic for free." c. "Let's see if we can get some help from Medicare to help you pay for these medications." d. "These medications are important. Do your best to pay for them." ANS: C This elderly patient probably is eligible for benefits through Medicare Part D. Medicare Part D has been added to Medicare to help cover the cost of prescriptions. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis) REF: p. 40 7. A nurse is determining which health care services must be offered at a local public health clinic. Which of the following factors is most important for the nurse to consider? a. Data available from the most recent community assessment b. Suggestions from community members about what is needed c. Recommendations of Healthy People 2020 d. Services mandated by the state government ANS: D At the local level, health departments provide care that is mandated by state and federal regulations. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 40 8. A nurse is planning to conduct research on patient care outcomes. Which of the following agencies would the nurse use as a resource? a. Agency for Health Care Research and Quality b. Federal Agency for Patient Care Outcomes c. National Center for Nursing Research d. U.S. Agency for Patient Care Effectiveness ANS: A The Agency for Health Care Research and Quality conducts research on health care systems, health care quality and cost issues, access to health care, and effectiveness of medical treatments. It provides evidence-based information on health care outcomes and quality of care. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 42 9. How does the Department of Agriculture promote the health of U.S. citizens? a. By collecting surplus food left after mechanical harvests and distributing it to the poor b. By inspecting food, so no foodborne illnesses can occur c. By collaborating with others to provide food or food stamps to needy persons d. By providing direct education and grants to dietitians and nutritionists ANS: C The Department of Agriculture collaborates with state and local government welfare agencies to provide food stamps to needy persons to increase their food-purchasing power. Other programs include school breakfast and lunch programs; the Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); and grants to states for nutrition education training. The Department of Agriculture also engages in plant, product, and animal inspections, but limited funding prevents absolute surety that food is safe to eat. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: pp. 43-44 10. Which of the following best describes why local, state, and federal governmental agencies have started to cooperate and collaborate more closely in the last few years? a. Increased administrative pressures to demonstrate outcomes b. Increased focus on emergency preparedness and response c. Increased taxpayers' complaints and general unhappiness d. Increased pressure to decrease overlap in services ANS: B Since the tragedy of September 11, 2001, health departments have increasingly focused on emergency preparedness and response. In case of an emergency event, state and local health departments in the affected area will be expected to collect data and accurately report the situation, to respond appropriately to any type of emergency, and to ensure the safety of the residents of the immediate area, while protecting those just outside the danger zone. This goal—to enable public health agencies to anticipate, prepare for, recognize, and respond to terrorist threats or natural disasters—has required an unprecedented level of interstate and federal-local planning and cooperation among these agencies. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 45 11. Which of the following principles has been used by the American Nurses Association (ANA) when encouraging health care reform? a. High-technology interventions to reduce nursing time, effort, and medical errors must be expanded. b. Nurses must be recognized and rewarded for health promotion efforts. c. Nursing research into patient care outcomes must be expanded and funded. d. Universal access to essential health services should be available for all citizens. ANS: D The ANA's position is based on the belief that health care is a basic human right. Thus, a restructured health care system must ensure universal access to a standard package of essential health care services for all citizens and residents. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 47 12. African-American females have a higher mortality rate from breast cancer than White females. This is an example of: a. Projection b. Disparity c. Racism d. A sentinel event ANS: B Disparities are racial or ethnic differences in the quality of health care, not based on access or clinical needs, preferences, or appropriateness of an intervention. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 34 . What do demographic figures suggest about the ways in which the population of the United States is changing? (Select all that apply.) a. Approximately 12% of the U.S. population was born in a different country. b. Hispanics are the largest minority group population. c. Households consisting primarily of intact families continue to grow. d. Mortality for both genders in all age groups declined. ANS: A, B, D Demographic figures confirm that 12% of the current U.S. population is foreign-born, with most immigrants coming from Latin America and about half as many from Asia. Families make up about 69% of all households, a decline from 81% in 1970. Although African Americans used to be the largest minority group, as of 2003, Hispanics now have that distinction. The population of the United States continues to increase, and mortality for both genders from all age groups has declined. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember (Knowledge) REF: pp. 34-35 Which of the following statements are accurate descriptions of current social and economic trends in the United States? (Select all that apply.) a. Citizens are appreciating the quality of life enjoyed in the United States. b. Enjoying life is not as important as the need to take care of oneself. c. Many families are seeing decreases in family income. d. Massive and unexpected social and economic changes have occurred. ANS: A, C, D One of the social trends influencing health care is a growing appreciation of the quality of life. The first decade of the twenty-first century has added massive and unexpected changes to health, economic, and social conditions in the form of terrorist attacks, hurricanes, fires, floods, and infectious diseases. In addition to layoffs, outsourcing, and other economic forces, many families are seeing wage decreases. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 35 Which of the following provides evidence that the U.S. health care system is in crisis? (Select all that apply.) a. Full-time employees may not have health insurance as a benefit. b. Incompetent or negligent nurses are an ongoing source of medical errors. c. Long work hours and provider fatigue are a major factor in medical errors. d. More punitive measures must be taken to decrease provider errors. ANS: A, C Although 61% of the non-elderly population continues to obtain health insurance through their employer as a benefit, employment does not guarantee insurance. As a result of the nursing shortage, nurses work longer hours and provider fatigue is a major factor in errors. The Institute of Medicine's (IOM) report To Err Is Human recommends that we stop blaming and punishing individuals for errors and instead begin identifying and correcting system failures by designing safety into the process of care. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 37 . A nurse is working at a state health department. Which of the following duties would most likely be completed in this setting? (Select all that apply.) a. Administering the Medicaid program b. Assessing the health needs of the state's citizens c. Employing and supervising school health nurses d. Establishing and maintaining free clinics for HIV-positive drug abusers ANS: A, B State health departments try to prevent and respond to infectious disease outbreaks. They also are responsible for health care financing and administering Medicaid, providing mental health and professional education, establishing health codes, licensing facilities and personnel, and regulating the insurance industry. State health departments also give direct assistance to local health departments in such areas as ongoing assessment of health needs. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: pp. 38, 44 [Show Less]
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Stanhope Ch 1 questions and answers with complete top solutions
Which of the following best describes community-based nursing? a) A philosophy that guides family-centered illness care b) Providing care with a focu... [Show More] s on the group's needs c) Giving care with a focus on the aggregate's needs d) A value system in which all clients receive optimal care A By definition, community-based nursing is nursing that focuses on family-centered illness care to individuals and families in the community. Which of the following best describes community-oriented nursing? a) Focusing on the provision of care to individuals and families b) Providing care to manage acute or chronic conditions c) Giving direct care to ill individuals within their family setting d) Having the goal of health promotion and disease prevention D By definition, community-oriented nursing has the goal of preserving, protecting, or maintaining health to promote the quality of life. Which of the following is the primary focus of public health nursing? a) Families and groups b) Illness-oriented care c) Individuals within the family unit d) Promotion of quality of life D The key difference between community-based and community-oriented nursing is that community-based nurses deal primarily with illness-oriented care, whereas community-oriented nurses - or public health nurses - provide healthcare to promote quality of life. Which is responsible for the dramatic increase in life expectancy during the twentieth century? a) Technology increases in the field of medical laboratory research b) Advances in surgical techniques and procedures c) Sanitation and other public health activities d) Use of antibiotics to fight infections C Improvement in control of infectious diseases through immunizations, sanitation, and other public health activities led to the increase in left expectancy from less than 50 years in 1900 to more than 77 years in 2002. A nurse is developing a plan to decrease the number of premature deaths in the community. Which of the following interventions would most likely be implemented by the nurse? a) Increase the community's knowledge about hospice care b) Promote healthy lifestyle behavior choices among the community members c) Encourage employers to have wellness centers at each industrial site d) Ensure timely and effective medical intervention and treatment for community members B Public health approaches could help prevent about 70% of early deaths by influencing the way people eat, drink, drive, engage in exercise, and treat the environment. Which of the following is a basic assumption of public health efforts? a) Health disparities among any groups are morally and legally wrong b) Healthcare is the most important in government planning and funding c) The health of individuals cannot be separated from the health of the community d) The government is responsible for lengthening the life span of Americans C Public health can be described as what society collectively does to ensure that conditions exist in which people can be healthy. Which of the following actions would most likely be performed by a public health nurse? a) Asking community leaders what interventions should be chosen b) Assessing the community and deciding on appropriate interventions c) Using data from the main healthcare institutions in the community to determine needed health services d) Working with community groups to create policies to improve the environment D Although the public health nurse might engage in any of the tasks listed, he or she works primarily with members of the community to carry out core public health functions, including assessment of the population as a whole and engaging in promoting health and improving the environment. Which of the following public health nurses most clearly fulfills the responsibilities of this role? a) The nurse who met with several groups to discuss community recreation issues b) The nurse who spend the day attending meeting of various health agencies c) The nurse who talked to several people about their particular health concerns d) The nurse who watched the city council meeting on local cable television B Any of these descriptions might represent a nurse communicating, cooperating, or collaborating with community residents or groups about health concerns. However, the nurse who spent the day attending meetings of various health agencies is the most representative, because in public health, concerns are broader than recreation, individual concerns are not as important as aggregate priorities, and watching television is less effective than interacting with others. Which of the following best defines aggregate? a) A large group of persons b) A collection of individuals and families c) A group of persons who share one or more characteristics d) Another name for demographic group C An aggregate is defined as a collection of people who share one or more personal or environmental characteristics, such as geography or special interest. A registered nurse was employed as a public health nurse. Which question would be most relevant for the nurse to ask? a) "Which groups are at the greatest risk for problems?" b) "Which patients should I see first as I begin my day?" c) "With which physicians will I be most closely collaborating?" d) "With which nursing assistants will I partner the most?" A Asking which groups are at greatest risk reflects a community-oriented perspective. The other possible responses reflect a focus on individuals. Making sure that essential community-oriented health services are available defines which of the core public health functions? a) Policy development b) Assessment c) Assurance d) Scientific knowledge-based care C Public health is based on scientific knowledge but is not a core function. The definition does not fit the terms assessment or policy development. When talking to a women's group at the senior citizens' center, the nurse reminded them that the only way the center would be able to afford to provide transportation services for them would be for them to continue to write letters to their local city council representatives requesting funding for such a service. What was the nurse trying to accomplish through this action? a) Ensure that the women did not expect the nurse to solve their problem b) Demonstrate that the nurse understood the women's concerns and needs c) Express empathy, support, and concern d) Help the women engage in political action D Public health nurses engage themselves and others in policy development and encourage and assist persons to communicate their needs to those with the power to take action. The public health nurse has a clear vision of what needs to be done and where to begin to improve the health of the community. Why would the nurse spend time meeting with community groups to discuss the most important task to be addressed first? a) To increase the group's self-esteem b) To maintain communication links with the groups c) To make the groups feel good about their contribution d) To work with the groups, not for the groups D Historically, healthcare providers have been accused of providing care for or to a people without actually involving the recipients in the decisions. Public health nursing is a "with the people" - not a "to the people" or "for the people" approach to planning. The nurse often has to make resource allocation decisions. Which of the following best describes the criterion the nurse should use in such cases? a) The specific moral or ethical principle related to the situation b) The cheapest, most economical approach c) The most rational probable outcome d) The needs of the aggregate rather than a few individuals D Although all of the choices represent components of a decision that the nurse might consider, the dominant needs of the population outweigh the expressed needs of one or a few people. Which of the following actions best represents public health nursing? a) Assessing the effectiveness of the large high school health clinic b) Caring for clients in their home following their outpatient surgeries c) Providing care to children and their families at the school clinic d) Administering follow-up care for pediatric clients at an outpatient clinic A A public health or population-focused approach would look at the entire group of children being served to determine whether available services are effective in achieving the goal of improving the health of the school population. Two nurses plan to walk under a huge downtown bridge where various homeless persons live. Why would the nurses go to such an unsafe area? a) To assess the needs of the homeless who live there b) To demonstrate their courage and commitment c) To distribute some of their own surplus clothes to those who can use them d) To share with various churches and other charities what is needed A In most nursing practices, the client seeks out and requests assistance. In public health nursing, the nurse often reaches out to those who might benefit from a service or intervention, beginning with assessment of needs. Which of the following variables have led to a stronger commitment to population-focused services? Select all that apply. a) Economic turmoil and demand for high-technology care b) Emergence of new or drug-resistant infectious diseases c) Emphasis on overall healthcare needs rather than only on acute care treatment d) Threat of bioterrorism B, C, D As overall health needs become the focus of care in the U.S., a stronger commitment to population-focused services is emerging. Threats of bioterrorism, anthrax scares, and the emergence of modern-day epidemics have drawn attention to population-focused safety and services. Which of the following actions demonstrate(s) effective public health nursing practice in the community? (Select all that apply). a) Epidemiologic investigations examine the environment for health hazards b) New services are organized where particular vulnerable populations live c) Partnerships are established with community coalitions d) Staff members are the public health agency continue to increase in number A, B, C Evidence that public health nurses are practicing effectively in the community would include these: organizing services where people live, work, play, and learn; working in partnerships and with coalitions; and participating in epidemiologic studies. Why are nurses increasingly providing care in clients' homes rather than in hospitals? Select all that apply. a) Home care is less expensive b) It is much more efficient to give care in the home c) Nurses prefer to give home care with individual attention d) People prefer to receive care in their homes rather than in hospitals A, D An increasing number of clients are receiving care in the home because it is less expensive and clients prefer to receive care in familiar and comfortable settings. In 1988, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) published a report on the future of public health and its mission that defined public health as: a) what public-private partnerships do to treat vulnerable populations b) what the government does to ensure that vital programs are in place c) what the U.S. Public Health Service does to prevent disease, promote health, and deliver service d) what society does collectively to ensure the conditions in which people can be healthy D In 1988, the IOM's report stated that public health is "what we, as a society, do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy." Consequently, the mission of public health is "to generate organized community effort to address the public's interest in health by applying scientific and technical knowledge to prevent disease and promote health." This clearly places the emphasis on the desire of the population and community to ensure access to services that foster the health status of the overall community through the equitable distribution of resources addressed to community problems that affect health. A registered nurse is seeking a position as a public health nurse. In reviewing the job description, the nurse would expect to find a description of a position that focused on functions such as: a) monitoring pregnant teenagers for symptoms of complications of pregnancy b) offering free hypertension screening and treatment referral at local health fairs to low-income, uninsured, community members c) partnering with local seasonal farmworkers to design a program aimed at preventing illness and injury, and advocating for this population with local political and community leaders d) preventing injury among a population of elderly residents in an assisted living facility and treating residents' chronic illnesses. C The scope of practice of public health nurses is population focused and community oriented, with a primary emphasis on population-level interventions that target strategies for health promotion and disease prevention. In addition, public health nursing is concerned with the health of all members of a population or community, particularly vulnerable populations, and uses political processes as a major intervention strategy. [Show Less]
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Stanhope Ch 2 questions and answers graded A+
A nurse is considering applying for a position as a public health nurse. Which of the following would be a reason this position would be appealing? a) I... [Show More] ts autonomy and independence b) Its focus on acute care and immediately visible outcomes c) Its collaboration with other healthcare professionals d) Its flexibility and higher wages A Unlike in-patient nursing, in which there are other healthcare professionals with staff with whom to interact, public health nursing is know for its autonomy and independence. The Elizabeth Poor Law of 1601 is similar to which current law? a) Welfare b) Food stamps c) Medicaid d) Medicare C The Poor Law guaranteed medical care for poor, blind, and "lame" individuals, similar to Medicaid. How did the Industrial Revolution result in previous caregiving approaches, such as care by families, friends, and neighbors, becoming inadequate? a) Economic and political wars resulted in frequent death and injuries b) Incredible plagues consistently and constantly swept the European continent c) Migration and urbanization resulted in increased demand for care d) Caregivers could easily find other employment, so they demanded to be paid C Care become inadequate because of the social changes in Europe, with great advances in transportation, communication, and other technologies. The increased mobility led to migration and urbanization, which in turn led to increased need for care. A colonist is working in the public health sector in early colonial America. Which of the following activities would have likely been completed? a) Establishing schools of nursing b) Developing vaccines to administer to large number of people c) Collecting vital statistics and improving sanitation d) Developing public housing and almshouses C The other choices are events that happened after the colonial period. Why did American citizens become interested in establishing government-controlled boards of health? a) They were afraid of infectious diseases such as yellow fever b) The government could force the poverty-stricken to accept care c) Such boards could tax and thereby ensure adequate funds to pay for care d) Such as system would allow for accurate records of births and deaths A Threat of disease, especially yellow fever, led to public interest in establishing government-sponsored, or official, boards of health. A nurse was employed by the Marine Hospital Service in 1800. Which of the following interventions would the nurse most likely have completed? a) Setting policy on quarantine legislation for immigrants b) Establishing hospital-based programs to care for the sick at home c) Identifying and improving environmental conditions d) Providing health care for merchant seamen D Providing healthcare to seamen was an early effort by the federal government to improve public health. The purpose of the Marine Hospital Service was to secure its maritime trade and seacost cities. What was the outcome of the Shattuck Report? a) Efforts to control alcohol and drug abuse, as well as tobacco use, were initiated b) Environmental sanitation efforts became an immediate priority c) Guidelines for modern public health organizations were eventually developed d) Local and state governments established boards of health after its publication C It took 19 years for the first of Shattuck's recommendations to be implemented, but his report was the first effort to create a modern public health organization. Which of the following nurses is famous for creating public health nursing in the United States? a) Florence Nightingale b) Frances Root c) Lillian Wald d) Mrs. Solomon Loeb C Lillian Wald established the Henry Street Settlement and later emerged as the established leader of public health nursing during its early decades. Which of the following would have been the focus of a school nurse in the early 20th century? a) Investing causes of absenteeism b) Teaching school as well as being a nurse c) Promoting nursing as an autonomous practice d) Providing medical treatment to enable children to return to school A Early school nursing focused on investigating causes of absenteeism, not providing medical treatment. That was the responsibility of physicians. A nurse is reviewing the original work of the National Organization for Public Health Nursing. Which of the following accomplishments of today was started with this organization? a) Requiring that public health nurses have a baccalaureate degree in nursing b) Standardizing public health nursing education c) Developing nursing cooperatives d) Opening the Henry Street Settlement B The National Organization for Public Health Nursing sought to standardize public health nursing. The Henry Street Settlement was already in existence. The baccalaureate degree in nursing was not developed yet. Why were nurses so unprepared for public health nursing in the early twentieth century? a) Community health nursing had not yet been created as a field b) No one would teach the nurses how to engage in public health activities c) Nightingale's textbook did not include content on public health nursing d) Nurses were educated in diploma schools, which focused on hospital nursing D Nursing school courses taught in diploma schools of nursing emphasized hospital care of patients; thus, nurses were unprepared for home visiting. A nurse is considering joining the American Public Health Association. What information about this organization should be considered when making this decision? a) APHA focuses on the public health concerns of the medical profession b) APHA represents concerns of nursing specialty practice c) APHA provides a forum for nurses to discuss their public health concerns d) APHA focuses on providing health promotion education to the public C APHA was formed to facilitate interprofessional efforts and promote the "practical application of public hygiene." The Public Health Section within APHA provides nurses with a forum to discuss their concerns and strategies. It also serves as a focus of leadership and policy development for community/public health nursing. Why did the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company establish and retain for several years the first community nursing health program for policyholders? a) Creating such a service was the morally correct thing to do b) Employing nurses directly was less expensive than paying taxes to the city for the same purpose c) Having the company's nurses make home visits increased worker morale d) Having public health nurses visit policyholders and their families led to a decline in policyholder deaths, thus lowering costs for the insurance company D Metropolitan Life saw an average decline of 7% in the mortality rate of policyholders and almost a 20% decline in the deaths of children. The insurance company attributed this improvement and the associated reduced costs to the visiting nurses. Which client would have been most likely to receive care from the Frontier Nursing Service? a) An injured soldier b) A homebound, elderly male c) A woman in labor d) A child with measles C The Frontier Nursing Service nurses were trained in nursing public health and midwifery and provided care to rural and inaccessible areas, which led to reduced mortality. A public health nurse is determining what type of programming should be developed for the community. Which of the following is the most crucial factor that will influence program development? a) Comprehensive assessment and planning done in the community b) Documented needs of the local community c) Federal funding for priority diseases or groups d) Nursing staff's expertise and skills C Programs are designed to fit funding priorities; thus, the areas supported by Congress determine the categories in which most effort is focused locally. A nursing student during World War II would likely join which group? a) The Public Health Service of NYC b) The Marine Nurse Corps c) The Frontier Nursing Service d) The Cadet Nurse Corps D The Bolton Act of 1943 established the Cadet Nurse Corps during WWII, which increased enrollment in schools of nursing at undergraduate and graduate levels. A public health nurse is compiling information about how to promote early detection of breast cancer in women. Which document would most likely provide useful information about this topic? a) The Future of Public Health b) HP2020 c) Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act d) Scope and Standards of Public Health Nursing Practice B The Healthy People documents propose a national strategy to improve significantly the health of Americans by preventing or delaying the onset of major chronic illnesses, injuries, and infectious diseases [Show Less]
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