Government ideology under Tsars
-AIII manifesto and 1906 Fundamental Laws NII
-Change = AII reforms that seemed to dilute autocracy,
-AIII more repressi... [Show More] ve
-NII gave little power to Dumas
Tsar quote
Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality
Government ideology under Lenin
-Marxist principles of Proletariat rule
-Marxism-Leninism 1917-21
-Ideological concession = NEP (1921-9)
Government ideology under Stalin
Totalitarianism = command economy, five-year plans, cult of personality, repression and megalomania
Government ideology under Khrushchev
-De-Stalinisation = 1956 Secret speech against repression
-Relax in censorship, release of prisoners from gulags
-Still used force (Hungary)
Opponent removed under Khrushchev
Zhukov
Government structure until NII
-Council of Ministers = discuss legislation, abandoned 1882
-Senate = Supreme Court
-Committee of Ministers 1861 = 10-13 ministers, abandoned 1906
-Imperial Council of State = advice Tsar legally
-Personal Chancellery of his imperial majesty = personal secretariat, replaced with Committee of Ministers
Government structure 1905
-Council of Ministers = main legislature with PM, provided material for houses to debate
-State Council (upper house) = check on duma, must agree with Duma on reforms, elected by Tsar or representative
-Duma (lower house) = Couldn't pass laws just block them, electoral college system with 5 year terms
-Senate = same as before
1st Duma
April-July 1906 = debated land and Polish Autonomy (disbanded by Tsar)
2nd Duma
-February-June 1907 = More SRs/SDs and Tsarists (Kadets/Oktrobrists)
-closed due to alleged mutiny
3rd Duma
November 1907-June 1912 = Most Tsarists, key reforms under Stolypin PM (until 1911)
Progressive Bloc
Formed in 1915 with Kadets, Oktrobrists and Nationalists
4th Duma
November 1912-February 1917 = pressured Tsar to abdicate
Government structure under PG
-Dual authority with Petrograd Soviet (March 1917)
-Bolsheviks control PS by 8th September
-PG collapses by 27th October
Government structure under Lenin
-All Russian Congress of Soviets and Central Executive Committee = Meant to be mainstay of gov't, dominated by Bols summer 1918
-Sovnarkom = 'Peoples' Commissars' (ministers) with gov't responsibilities chaired by Lenin
-Cheka 1917 = Headed by Dzerzhinskii as gov't tool
Constitution 1918
-Dictatorship of Proletariat
-Supreme power given to the congress of soviets
Constitution 1924
-Created USSR
-Congress of Soviets were supreme body
Constitution 1936
-Supreme Soviet USSR = elected S.O.U, make laws, made to look democratic
-Soviet of the Union = elected every 4 years with representative from all USSR
-Soviet of Nationalities = 25 members per Republic, 1 member per national area
Emancipation Edict
-1861
-consequence of peasant opposition
-148 peasant conflicts 1826-54 => 1,859 in 1861
Opposition under AII
-Political openness encouraged reform demands - mostly from students 1860s
-Influence from dissidents abroad (Herzen)
Book inspired populism
-Chernyshevsky's "What is to be done?"
-1863
1866 Assassination attempt
-Moscow student ahd Hell member
-Karakozov
- caught and executed
Narodniks
-Populists young gentry members
-"going to the people" 1873-4 to motivate peasantry (failure)
-Movement smashed mid-1870s
Repression under AII
-New prisons built due to overcrowding
-Prisoner suffering, 4 years before trial
-Middle-class were allowed exile to towns
Amount exiled under AII
150,000 on foot to Siberia
New prison under AII
House of Preliminary Detention in Moscow
Trial of the Fifty
-1877
-Senate department set up for political cases, 5 weeks with open reporting
-sentenced to outside Imperial Russia
-Next trial (193) held in secret but only 28 sentenced with hard labour
1881 Assassination AII
-The Peoples' Will (part of Land and Liberty) assassinated Alexander with a bomb
-killed head of 3rd Section in 1878
Repression under AIII
-Liberal ministers replaced
-Justices of peace changed to Land Captains 1889 (controlled peasant activities, acted as local judges)
-Russification
-Okhrana set up
-1881 Statute of State Powers
1891 Famine
Long term significance in reviving peasant and political opposition
What caused 1905 Revolutions
-Moscow and St.P doubled 1881-1910- overcrowding
-Growth of proletariat from industrial growth
Opposition under NII
-SRs 1902 + Marxist growth
-Minister for Education killed 1901
-First Congress of Zemstvo meet St.P 1904
Assassination of Sipyagin
-1902
-SRs
-Russian statesmen
Bloody Sunday 1905
-January 9th, strike at Putilov factory leads to protests
-100,000 march with Father Gapon to Palace
-Refused to turn back and shot by cossacks (200 die)
1905 Revolution consequences
-Loss of faith in Tsar -> strikes, uprisings
-St.P Soviet led strike
-October Manifesto
Mutiny on the Potemkin
pre-dreadnought battleship of the Imperial Russian Navy, a rebellion of the crew against their oppressive officers in June 1905
Opposition from Dumas
-First 2 closed by Tsar as too leftist
-electoral system changed two were more right wing
-Convinced NII to abdicate in 1917
Opposition under Bolsheviks
-Kerensky counter November 1917 repelled by Reds
-Full Civil War after B-L 1918
-Peasant riots from requisitioning
Revolts under Bolsheviks
-Tambov revolt 1921 peasant army reached 50,000 most organised uprising
-Kronstadt Mutiny Baltic sailors 1,000 deaths in battle
Internal opposition under Lenin
-Few prominent Bols (Zin) called for socialist coalition
-B-L opposed by Left and Trotsky
-WC and NEP increased tensions
Opposition under Stalin
-Peasants = mass opposition to collectivisation, Dekulakisation and Mir abolishment 1930
- angered by church loss
-halted collectives 1930 "Dizzy with success" but 93% in Kolkhozy 1937
-Workers = most accepted 5YPs, increase in suicides from pressure
Stakhanovite movement
-1935
-Based on Alexei Stakhanov, portrayed as model worker and aspirational
Number of strikes during WW2
None!!!
Great Terror 1930s
-Members who failed collectivisation/dekulak' lost party card (membership down 10%)
-1/3 decline in members who resisted
-prominent politburo members executed (Trotsky)
Opposition under Khrushchev
-Peasants = Unrest low, K improves wages but lower than urban areas, V.L.S failure 1962
-Workers = Relations stable, some riots concerning living standards
-Internal =failure of Malenkov's "New Course" caused resignation 1955
Beria coup
-1953
-Failed and exectuioned
357 counts of rape and treason.
1962 protest
Novocherkassk killed 20
Third Section/Okhrana
-AII replaced with "softer" police 1880
-AIII Statute for protection of state security and law on exceptional measures (1881) gave them extensive powers
-Used spies/informers within and outside of Empire
Secret police PG
Counter-espionage bureau of Petrograd military district to weed out those seen to undermine war effort
Cheka
-Established December 1917 by Dzerzhinsky
-Summer 1918 clampdown on Left SRs after Kaplan
-Used permanent terror
Red Terror 1918-21
-Enforced war communism, dekulak', labour camp administration and militarisation of labour
-6,300 executed 1918 without trial
-Dispanded and replaced with GPU 1922 -> OGPU 1924
NKVD
-Formed 1934
-Permanent terror
-40 million sent to gulags under Stalin
-By WWII, been purged of 40,000 members itself
Heads of NKVD
Yagoda head until 1938 and Yezhov until 1939
MGB/MUD
-1943 NKVD disbanded for NKGB,
-then replaced for Ministry for State Security (MGB) and Ministry for Internal Affairs (like NKVD)
-Merged to form larger MUD 1953 under Beria
-Refined 1954 to deal with ordinary criminal disorder; gulags largely gone, torture less common
Number of political opponents in captivity
1960 = only 11,000 in captivity compared to 1m under Stalin
Army Repression 1855-1905
-Was made up of 1.4m men (mostly peasants)
-Officers made nobility (nepotisms) that dealt with unrest/wars
-Enhanced role under Russification as peacekeeper (Bloody Sunday)
Army Repression 1905-1917
-Used to dismantle strikes, protests and riots
-Kept control of cities February 1917 but many mutinied (150,000 Petrograd Garrison)
-Many joined Military Revolutionary Committee
1912 riot
Lena Goldfields 270 killed
Army Repression 1917
-MRC and Red guard seized power from Kerensky by taking Winter Palace and forcing PG resign
-Issue of WWI commitment dealt by replacing General Dukhonin with General Krylenko
Army Repression Civil War
-Essential for Bolshevik survival, 5m in 1921 against 500,00 Whites
-Used to seize grain and property,
-assisted Cheka
-suffered desertion and rebellion (Kronstadt)
Army Repression under Stalin
-Helped administer economic policy (grain)
-Some desertion during WWII but most faithful
-Moscow and Leningrad never taken by the enemy
-Stalin suspicious of it so removed Zhukov from CPSU
Amount of Top army officials purged by Stalin
40% [Show Less]
