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How common are disabilities? ~1 in every 5 people (about 20%) has a disability of some kind Types of Disabilities - Recognizable - Hidden - Temp... [Show More] orary - Age-Related Print Disabilities a disability that prevents an individual from gaining information from printed material; requires the use of alternative methods to access the material Screen readers Devices that many people with visual impairments use to access the Web, which read aloud Web page text and descriptions that a user selects ONLY if the content is accessible Assistive Technologies Software and devices used to maintain, increase, or improve the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities. They do not completely compensate for the disability. People who create the environments must create them with accessibility in mind in order for the assistive technologies to be most effective. Assistive Technology for Blindness - Screen readers - Refreshable Braille devices Assistive Technology for Low Vision - Screen enlargers - Screen readers Assistive Technology for Color Blindness - Color enhancement overlays or glasses Assistive Technology for Deafness - Captions - Transcripts Assistive Technology for Motor/Mobility Disabilities - Head wand - Mouth stick - Alternative keyboards - Eye gaze tracking - Voice Activation Assistive Technology for Cognitive Disabilities - Screen readers - Screen overlays - Augmentative communication aids The Digital Accessibility Revolution The Web Enables Unprecedented Access to Information for the Blind The Web Enables Unprecedented Access to Commerce for People with Mobility Impairments Which statements are true? (Select all that apply) A. For people with disabilities, the Internet is an obstacle that cannot be overcome even with assistive technology. B. The term "assistive technology" applies only to computer use and Internet access. C. The Internet is an important part of the solution for disability access. D. Making a website accessible to people with disabilities makes it less accessible for other users. C. The Internet is an important part of the solution for disability access. Who uses assistive technology? (Select all that apply) A. Only people who use handicapped entrances to buildings B. People who wear glasses or contact lenses C. People who wear hearing aids D. People with motor disabilities B. People who wear glasses or contact lenses C. People who wear hearing aids D. People with motor disabilities True or False: There are many forms of disabilities that are not obvious to an observer. True Medical Model Disability is viewed as a problem that is caused by medically-diagnosed genetic disorders, disease, trauma, or other health conditions. Disability is treated as a biological problem that diminishes quality of life and needs to be treated with professional medical care. The legal definition of disabilities often relies on the assumptions of the medical model. Strengths of the Medical Model Explicitly acknowledges that there is a biological condition that places an individual at a disadvantage compared to the majority of the population. A clearly-defined set of biological criteria helps medical professionals make important treatment decisions and the government to decide who gets assistance. Weaknesses of the Medical Model Frequently criticized by disability advocates. - Overlooks the impact of the design decisions in our social environment - Labels and stigmatizes the person as different and "less than" the rest of the population - People who do not fit within the clearly-defined definitions may be denied benefits that they need - Adds a level of inconvenient bureaucracy by having to "prove" your disability repeatedly Social Model The social model points out that society creates disabling conditions. To a large extent, "disability" is an avoidable condition caused by poor design. The social model doesn't deny that there is a biological or medical component to disability. It merely points out that more inclusive designs can remove the barriers that people with disabilities face in their everyday lives. Strengths of the Social Model Empowers people with disabilities by removing the stigma often associated with physical impairments. Empowers designers of physical and virtual environments to think broadly about usability for all kinds of humans. Inclusive designs sometimes require more creative thinking, but this can be a benefit, because the resulting designs are often better for everyone, not just for people with disabilities. Weaknesses of the Social Model The social model can de-emphasize the physical reality of a disability too much. They argue that a person's disability can be an important part of one's identity, and it shouldn't be minimized to the point that people are afraid to talk about it. Accepting and "owning" one's disability can be very healthy from an emotional and psychological perspective. Functional Solutions Model The functional solutions model takes a practical approach to disability by identifying the functional impairments, or limitations, that are a result of disability. The model then seeks out solutions for eradicating these limitations through advancements in technology or methodology. There is less of a focus on the social and political aspects of disability, but more focus on applying innovation to overcoming the limitations of disability. Strengths of the Functional Solutions Model Focuses on results that benefit people with disabilities. It takes a real-world approach to finding solutions that work, without getting hung up on theoretical or political questions. It instead puts energy into ideas, technologies, and innovations that improve the lives of people with disabilities. Weaknesses of the Functional Solutions Model Sometimes innovative solutions are not the most useful solution to broader problems, which may be a result of the social and environmental barriers people with disabilities face. If accessibility professionals are too focused on creating practical technological solutions, they may miss opportunities to address the larger social context. Sometimes addressing the larger social context works so well that it can make a specific technological solution obsolete. [Show Less]
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CPACC Exam questions and answers A+ test
Medical Model defines disability in terms of biological impairments. Disability is viewed as a problem that is caused by diagnosed genetic disorders, dise... [Show More] ase, trauma, or other health conditions. Disability is treated as a biological problem that diminishes quality of life and needs to be treated with professional medical care. Social Model Rather than place the definition of "disability" entirely on the person with a disability, this model points out that society creates disabling conditions. To a large extent, "disability" is an avoidable condition caused by poor design. -doesn't deny that there is a biological or medical component to disability. It merely points out that more inclusive designs can remove the barriers that people with disabilities face in their everyday lives. The model emphasizes the human rights of people with disabilities to participate in society in meaningful ways -we are more disabled by the society that we live in than by our bodies and our diagnoses Functional Solutions Model model takes a practical approach to disability by identifying the impairments, or limitations, that are a result of disability. The model then seeks out solutions for eradicating these limitations through advancements in technology or methodology. There is less of a focus on the social and political aspects of disability, but more focus on applying innovation to overcoming the limitations of disability. -Businesses that create and sell accessibility solutions often take this approach. They see a need and try to meet the need with their products and/or services. Social Identity Model/Cultural Affiliation Model People with disabilities may develop a sense of personal identity through consorting with others who share similar life experiences based on their disability. Together, the group develops a sense of culture based on these shared experiences. -doesn't always serve as a useful basis for technical definitions of disability, because groups of people with different types of disabilities—or even without any disabilities—may consider themselves part of the same social group. Charity Model/Tragedy Model treats disabilities as unfortunate or tragic conditions worthy of special treatment. People without disabilities take pity on those with disabilities and set up fundraisers, projects, assistance, and other interventions to improve the condition of those with disabilities. Many people with disabilities find this approach offensive, even if the end result produces something that helps people with disabilities. With this approach, the offensive part is the attitude and the assumptions. People without disabilities are in the position of the givers; the "fortunate" ones. People with disabilities are in the position of the receivers; the "unfortunate" ones. This kind of arrangement sets up an unequal power balance, and an unhealthy social relationship between groups of people. Blindness Asightlessness or a loss of vision. While the term is often used to define a total loss of vision, it may also refer to partial blindness, where sight may be extremely limited (low vision) Causes: Diabetes Macular Degeneration Glaucoma Accidents or traumatic injuries to the eye Stroke Retinitis Pigmentosa Screen Readers Convert the text on the web page into spoken words. Blind people listen to web pages ICT Blindness Challenge: Cannot see digital or electronic interfaces (computers, automated teller machines (ATMs), mobile devices, airport kiosks, televisions, printers, copiers, phones, GPS devices, etc.) -Screen readers can read interfaces and content out loud to users by converting digital text to synthesized speech, but only if they have been designed to be accessible. Screen readers do not announce text styles such as font, color, size, bold, and italic. -Self-voicing interfaces and applications can communicate to users without the need for a screen reader, but these are appropriate mostly for broadcasting information, because they usually do not interact with the interface or content as screen readers do. -Refreshable Braille output devices use screen readers to convert digital text to Braille. These devices are typically expensive, and only a minority of blind people know how to read Braille. ICT Blindness Challenge: Cannot use screen readers on digital content and interfaces not designed with accessibility in mind Interface designers and content authors can edit the markup to make it compatible with the assistive technologies used by blind people. Architecture & Built Environment Blindness Challenge: Cannot see when walking -Canes help blind people feel their surroundings as they walk. -Service animals (e.g. "Seeing Eye" dogs), trained to assist blind people, help them navigate their surroundings. -GPS-based walking instructions with an audio interface, either automated or via a remote human navigator. -Raised tiles on the ground to indicate the edge of a platform, a pathway along a sidewalk, the beginning of a staircase, etc. -Eliminate low-hanging architectural features that a blind person could bump into -Clear pathways without obstructions in hallways, sidewalks. Architecture & Built Environment Blindness Challenge: Cannot see signs or other text on buildings or other areas in the built environment -Map and geolocation applications on mobile devices can announce the names and descriptions of buildings and other location-related information. -Braille labels and descriptions on entrances, rooms, bathrooms, historical markers, and other points of interest can allow blind people to explore and understand their surroundings, as long as the person knows Braille, and as long as the Braille labels are easy to find. -Tactile models of the exterior of buildings, or of floorplans of the interior of buildings help blind people form a mental map of their surroundings. Consumer & Industrial Products Blindness Challenge: Cannot see or feel the controls on flat interfaces on consumer devices such as microwaves, ovens, dishwashers, etc. -Alternative interfaces with knobs or other tactile controls -Audio interfaces -Remote control through applications on mobile devices Consumer & Industrial Products Blindness Challenge: Cannot read the text on the containers or packaging for consumer items such as medicine, toothpaste, shampoo, sunscreen, hand cream, personal care products, foods, drinks, candy Embossed Braille (or Braille stickers ) on packaging and product containers help consumers identify items both in the store and after purchase. Consumer & Industrial Products Blindness Challenge: Cannot read money to determine its value -Applications on mobile devices can photograph the money and read the value to blind people. Paper bills and coins could be manufactured in different sizes, shapes, or textures to allow blind people to distinguish the value based on touch. -Non-cache systems of payment can allow blind people to make financial transactions via computers, mobile devices, or on-site payment hardware with screen readers or self-voicing output. Consumer & Industrial Products Blindness Challenge: Cannot read books, magazines, posters, postal mail, or other printed materials -Optical character recognition software can convert scanned images of text into digital text readable by screen readers. The accuracy of the conversion depends on the quality of the original document, as well as font choices, line spacing, and the quality of the conversion software itself. -Information can be placed online or in other digital formats to allow blind people to read the materials using their own assistive technologies. Low Vision -can see, but their vision is still quite far from perfect even with powerful corrective lenses -may be unable to see well enough to drive or read most printed text unless they enlarge it -Not a single condition; It is a broad category encompassing many different conditions, with varying degrees of vision impairment -They can't see well enough to read small fonts or to clearly discern details without enlarging them. Possible types and characteristics: Blur; Blur with Low Contrast; Cataracts; Diabetic Retinopathy; Glaucoma; Hemianopia; Macular Degeneration; Retinal Detachment Screen Magnification shows a small portion of the screen at a time; it zooms in on a section of the screen and displays it at high resolution -there are still some issues a user can encounter. For instance, if an image is particularly large, a user may need to scroll around the screen to see the whole thing. If a JavaScript alert pops up to the side of the current visual focus, the alert may actually appear out of the visible area for the user with low vision, so the user may not see the alert at all. It is best to place popups, alerts, error messages, and other similar messages near the visual focus, to make sure users don't miss them. Color Customization -For people with low contrast vision, or low color vision, colors may not be easily visible, and may be hard to distinguish from each other. Text that is too close in color or luminance (brightness) to the background can be hard to read. Some people may also experience pain when looking at bright lights or bright areas on paper or computer screens. All-white backgrounds can be particularly difficult. To attempt to remedy the effects of low contrast and bright areas, users may modify the colors either in the operating system or in the web browser. -Colors can be used in web design, but it is crucial to not use color alone to convey important information since users customize colors based on what is best for them. Make sure the important information is represented in the text. Low Vision Challenge: Small text can be hard to read -Screen magnifiers can enlarge the items on the screen to make them easier to read. -Utilities to enhance contrast, change colors, or alter other aspects of visual appearance can improve legibility. -Screen readers can supplement screen magnifiers by reading interfaces and content out loud to users through synthesized speech, but only if the digital information has been designed to be accessible. -Self-voicing interfaces (on ATMs, kiosks, transportation systems, etc.) and applications can communicate to users without the need for a screen reader, but these are appropriate mostly for broadcasting information, because they usually do not interact with the interface or content as screen readers do. -Alternative large print versions of small print text can make printed materials easier to read. -Alternative digital versions (web, mobile applications, etc.) of printed materials can give users the ability to read the materials using their own assistive technologies. Low Vision Challenge: Low contrast text can be hard to read -Software or hardware options can enhance the contrast of digital text. -Interface designers and content creators can choose color combinations with high enough contrast to easily read Color Blindness Refers to the inability to distinguish between certain kinds of colors, especially colors that are of equal brightness or luminosity (even if the colors themselves appear quite different to people without this disability). -There aren't many assistive technologies for people with color-blindness. For the most part, it is a condition that people just have to live with Kinds of Colorblindness -Red-Green: Most prevalent form of colorblindess; Deuteranopia and Protanopia are two common sub-types -Tritanopia: blue-yellow colorblindness -Achromatopsia: Greyscale blindness, very rare -Red-Black colorblindess Colorblindness Challenge: Certain color combinations -- red and green in particular -- can be difficult to distinguish Materials can be designed in a way that does not depend on color as a way to convey information. Deafblindness the only option is to use a refreshable Braille keyboard in combination with a screen reader. Rather than have the screen reader read out loud in an audio format, people who are both deaf and blind have the screen reader output the text to the Braille keyboard, which they can then feel with their hands. ICT Deafblind Challenge: Digital text cannot be seen A screen reader can convert text to Braille on a refreshable Braille device, or "printed" in a Braille embosser. ICT Deafblind Challenge: Audio (including the audio portion of videos) cannot be heard A text transcript of the audio can be converted to refreshable Braille by a screen reader, or "printed" in a Braille embosser. Auditory Disabilities involve hearing impairment, hearing loss, and deafness. People who have hearing impairment or hearing loss have diminished hearing and may have difficulty understanding speech and distinguishing foreground noise from background noise. Depending on the condition, some people may use hearing aids as an assistive technology, or may rely on lip reading to communicate with others. For those who have total loss of hearing, augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) such as sign language or communication boards are used to communicate with others. [Show Less]
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CPACC Exam questions and answers with top solutions
Name a disability that might not be obvious to an observer Dyslexia, hearing loss, seizure disorder What is the medical model of disability? The m... [Show More] edical model of disability focuses solely on the biological aspects of disability. What disability model says that disability is an issue with inaccessible environments rather than people ? Social model What's a weakness of the social identity model? People might like this model because they feel excluded from society. What's a pro of the functional solutions model? It looks for helpful and realistic ways to solve problems What is the charity model? The idea that people with disabilities are the victims of unfortunate situations and deserve special treatment. What is a pro of the medical model? It's based on clearly defined factual information What are the weaknesses of the medical model? Very specific definitions can be an issue when some people don't fit into a box and might miss out on benefits or assistance that they need. It also overlooks the need for accessible environments because of its focus on the individual. And it can give a person an "other" label. What's the social model? The idea that disability is a function of how a person interacts with their environment. If things were designed in an accessible way, then a disability wouldn't be a barrier. What's a pro of the social model? It empowers people with a disability by putting the need for change on the environment instead of the person. It could indirectly influence designers and architects to create a more usable world. What are weaknesses of the social model? It can make a disability seem impersonal, and some people with disabilities feel like their disability is an important part of themself. It also de-emphasizes the reality that people with disabilities can face. What is the functional solutions model? It identifies the functional impairments of a person and looks for ways to create and innovate new ways to help people interact with their environment. What is a weakness of the functional solutions model? The search for a specific way to solve a problem might mean that a broader way to solve the problem is overlooked. What are three types of visual disabilities? Blindness, low vision, color blindness What are five types of mobility disorders? Manual dexterity/fine motor control, ambulation, muscle fatigue, body size, body shape and form What are some types of cognitive disorders? Intellectual, memory, reading, math comprehension, ADHD, learning, dyslexia, language, autism What are the two types of seizure disorders? Photosensitive and general seizure disorder What are three types of psychological disorders? Social, emotional, and behavioral What is the economic model? It defines disability by a person's ability to work What are pros of the economic model? It recognizes that some people will need modifications to their work environment and also that individuals who can't work may need financial assistance What are the cons of the economic model? It creates a specific standard for disability that a person has to meet, and it also can be stigmatizing What is the definition of perceivable? Making the output of web content available in multiple ways so different users can access it What is the definition of operable? Making the input methods for web content accessible to all users What's the definition of understandable? Making UI and content that everyone can comprehend What are ways to make a web product more understandable? Declaring the language of a page, checking/simplifying the reading level, explaining technical concepts and jargon, writing out the full name for acronyms and abbreviations the first time they're used, provide images or audio versions of the content, having a consistent layout, give clear instructions and error messages What's the definition of robust? Making sure there's compatibility with a variety of ways a user could interact with the content What are ways to make a site or product's code more robust? Use standard HTML markup and ARIA What are ways to make a site or product more perceivable? Make sure every non-text element has a text alternative and use ARIA How can you make a product or site more operable? Make sure that a person can use the site or product with whatever method works best for them by testing with different methods, only using JS elements when necessary, controlling the focus, giving users enough time to complete a task What are the 3 Universal Designs for Learning principles? 1. provide multiple means of representation 2. provide multiple means of action and expression 3. provide multiple means of engagement How can you provide multiple means of representation? Ensure different options are used to deliver information to students so students with disabilities and different learning styles have the same access to education What are ways to provide multiple means of action and expression? Give students different options for showing the knowledge they've gained. Some students will be good at quizzes and tests, but others will be better at projects or presentations. How can an instructor provide multiple means of engagement? Help students remember and process information so it will stay in their memories. Give students the chance to personalize what they're learning so they want to be involved. Help them keep their attention on the subject through collaboration and feedback. What's the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? A document created by the UN in 1948 that created the first list of global basic human rights What's the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities? A UN human rights treaty that was adopted in 2006 and went into effect in 2008, which was designed to change the way people with disabilities are looked at from objects in need of charity and medical diagnoses to subjects with rights and freedom. 163 countries have signed it and 181 have ratified it. In 2008 the Optional Protocol gave power to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. What is the Marrakesh Treaty? Created in 2013 and became legally binding in 2016 by the World Intellectual Property Organization with the main goal of creating a set of mandatory limitations and exceptions for the benefit of the visual impaired. It allows organizations to create non-print versions without violating copyright. What are the categories of laws relating to disabilities? Civil rights laws, procurement laws, domain/industry-specific laws What are civil rights laws? Laws that work to remove discrimination in society to create equal opportunities for people with disabilities (like the ADA, Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, the UK Equality Act of 2010, and the Japanese Act on the Elimination of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities) What are procurement laws? Laws that regulate products or services to ensure that they meet accessibility standards (like Section 508 and the EN 301 549: "Accessibility requirements suitable for public procurement of ICT products and services in Europe") What are industry-specific laws? Laws that regulate specific industries or technologies (like the 21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act, the Air Carrier Access Act, Web Standards for the Government of Canada, Standards sur l'accessibilité du Web, and other country-specific regulations for websites that are based on WCAG 1.0 or 2.0) What are the three phases of the web development process? Plan (set requirements and design the UX and UI), create (write text content, make graphics and videos, write the front end and back end code, add third party pieces), and test (code, content, and multimedia) What are ICT options for people with visual disabilities? screen readers, braille keyboards, speech input, gestures on mobile, haptic alerts, screen magnification tools What are ICT options for people with hearing disabilities? keyboards, video options for signing, teletype What are ICT options for people who are deafblind? Braille keyboards and output, haptic/sensory alerts and feedback What are ICT options for people with mobility disabilities? Switch devices, adaptive keyboards, voice recognition, pointing devices What are ICT options for people with cognitive disabilities? simplified interfaces, word lookup, screen readers, customizable colors/fonts, interactive transcripts, ways to block animations What does ICT mean? Information and Communication Technology What does AAC mean? Augmentative and Alternative Communication What are the 7 principles of universal design? 1. equitable use 2. flexibility in use 3. simple and intuitive use 4. perceptible information 5. tolerance for error 6. low physical effort 7. size and space for approach and use What are the three types of primary brain networks? 1. Recognition networks - collecting and understanding information and recalling facts 2. Strategic networks - planning, organizing, and connecting 3. Affective networks - giving personal meaning to knowledge [Show Less]
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