BSTRANDABLE NCLEX CARDIOVASCULAR/HEMATOLOGIC 2 OF 2
DEFINATION EXAM 2022 LATEST
CAD - Coronary Artery Disease
PVD - Peripheral Vascular Disease
SBP - S... [Show More] ystolic Blood Pressure
DBP - Diastolic Blood Pressure
SVR - Systemic Vascular Resistance
CO - Cardiac Output
HR - Heart Rate
SNS - Sympathetic Nervous System
NE - Norepinephrine
ISH - Isolated Systolic Hypertension
ET - Endothelin (vasoconstrictor)
RAAS - Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
PRA - Plasma Renin Activity
CVD - Cardiovascular Disease
LVH - Left Ventricle Hypertrophy
TIA - Transient Ischemic Attack
MAP - Mean Arterial Pressure
SBP + 2DBP = MAP
CVI - Chronic Venous Insufficiency
DVT - Deep Vein Thrombosis
PAD - Peripheral Artery Disease
SVT - Superficial VeinThrombosis
VTE - Venous Thromboembolism
AAA - Abdominal Aortic Aneurism
UH - Unfractionated Heparin
ABI - Ankle Brachial Index
PTA - Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty
ACE - Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
TEE - Transesophageal Electrocardiography
PA - Pulmonary Artery
CVP - Central Venous Pressure
EVAR - Endovascular Aneurism Repair
PTFE - Polytetrafluoroethylene
HRT - Hormone Replacement Therapy
LMWH - Low-Molecular-Weight- Heparin
HIT - Heparin Induce Thrombcytopenia
afterload - The force the heart has to pump (peripheral resstance) to eject blood from
the left ventricle.
arterial pressure - Pressure of blood against arterial walls measured by
sphygmomanometer or directly by arterial catherter.
Xa - Anti-factor
ACT - Activated Clotting Time
aPTT - Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
INR - International Normaliized Ratio
automaticity - The ability of cardiac cells to initiate and impulse spontaneously and
repetitively without neurohormonal control.
baroreceptors - Specialized nerve endings located in the walls of the aortic arch and
carotid sinuses, affected by changes n blood pressure.
BP - Blood pressure
capillary pressure/hydrostatic pressure - Pressure exerted against the capillary wall,
normally 25 to 30 mm Hg at the arterial end and 10 to 15 mm Hg at the venous end.
cardiac output - Total volume of blood pumped through the heart in one minute,
normal values are 4 to 7 L/min
chemoreceptors - Nerve endings located n the aortic arch and carotid bodies that are
stimulated by hypoxemia and that subsequeintly transmit impulses to the CNS
conductivity - Ability of the heart muscle fibers to propagaqte electrical impulses
along and across cell membranes
contractility - Inherent ability of the myocardium to alter contractile force and velocity.
Sympathetic stimulation increases myocardial contractility so stroke volume
increases.
diastole - The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the heart relaxes between
contractions.
diastolic pressure - The force of blood exerted on the artery walls when the heart
relaxes or filled.
excitability - The ability of cardiac muscle cells to depolarize in response to stimulus.
Influenced by hormones, electrolytes, nutrition, oxygen supply, meds, infections, and
nerve characteristics.
paradoxical blood pressure - An exaggerated decrease in systolic pressure by more
than 10 mm Hg during the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle. Normal value is
3 - 10 mm Hg
postural (orthostatic) hypotension - BP decrease of more than 10 -15 mm Jg of the
systolic pressure or a decrease of more the 10 mm Hg of the diastolic pressure and
a 10% to 20% increase in HR. Occurs when BP is not maintained from a lying
position to sitting or stand position.
preload - The volume of blood stretching the left ventricle at the end of diastole.
PCWP - Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, is the measure obtained during
momentary balloon inflation of a pulmonary artery catheter; reflects oef ventricular
end diastolic pressure. Ranges between 6 to 12 mm Hg
Decreased PCWP - indicates hypovolemia
Increased PCWP - indicates hypervolemia, left ventricular failure, or mitral
regurgitiation
Pulse pressure - The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. Normal
pulse pressure is 30 to 40 mm Hg
Refractoriness - A property of excitable tissue, prevents uncontrolled rapid cardiac
contractions and helps preserve the heart rhythm.
Stretch Receptors - Nerve endings located in the vena cava and the right atrium that
respond to pressure changes affecting circulatory blood volume.
BP dec. bc of hypovolemia then sympathetic reponse occurs causing inc. HR &
blood vessel constriction.
BP inc. bc. of hypervolemia the opposite occurs.
Stroke Volume - The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each
contraction. Normal stroke vol = 70 -130 mL/heartbeat
Systole - The phase of contraction of the heart especially of the ventricles during
which blood is forced into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
Systolic Pressure - The maximum pressure of blood exerted against the artery walls
when the heart contracts.
Venous Pressure - The force exerted by the blood against the vein walls. Normal
pressures are highest in the extremities 5-14 cm H2O in the arm and 6-8 cm H2O in
the inferior vena cava
SOB - shortness of breath
ICP - Intracranial pressure
IOP - Intraoccular pressure
CCB - Calcium channel blocker
PVC - premature ventricular contractions
PSVT - paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
CVA - cerebrovascular accident or stroke
DIC - disseminated intrvascular coagulation meaningwhen fibrin clots form within the
vascular system of the critically ill and in Sx
HDL - high density lipoprotein
friendly or good bc it removes cholesterol from blood stream d delivers it to the liver
to excrete in bile
LDL - low density lipoprotein or bad bc it contains 50% to 60% cholesterol in the
blood stream when elevated there is a greater risk for developing atherosclerotic
plaque and HD
apolipoproteins - its a combination of HDL and LDL
VLDL - very low density lipocadprotein
a better indicator of
AV Valve - systole - Mitral (left atrium and left ventricle)
and Tricuspid (right artium and right ventricle)
permits blood flow from atrium to ventricle during ventricular diastole - prevents
reflux during ventricular systole - valves are open during diastole and sloe during
systole which is the first heart sound heard (s1)
Semilunar valves - diastole - lovated between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
and functions as the aortic valve
the Semilunar valve permits flow from the ventricle to the arterial vessel during
ventricle systole and reflux during diastole. Valve open vventricles contact and close
during diastole, and on closure s2 sound is heard.
SA (sinoatrial node) - pacemaker of the heart
SA node initiates cardiac impulses from the atria while ventricles fill
Cardiac nonspecific Enzymes related to cardiac injury - creatinine kinase noramlly
50-325
Myoglobin
LDH
AST 7-40
specific cardiac enzymes related to injury - CKMB - should be 0%
LDH1 and LDH2
Troponin I or Cardiac troponin T
Diabetes Insipidus - decreased in ADH
S/S hypovelmia, polyuria, excessive thirst, decrease in Specific Gravity, weakness,
increasing sodium level
SIADH - sydrome of inappropriate ADH, over production of ADh, lethargic,
depressed deep tendon reflexes, decreased urine output. Not putting out urine,
increase circulating blood volume, decreased sodium, specific garvity increased.
Assess LOC and sodium (watch out for ICP), I&O's and daily weights, water
restrictions (500-600cc daily), diuretics
hypokalemia - below 3.5mEq
causes - thingsthat cause us to lose fluids
dysrhthmias (ectopic beats), encourage patients intake of foods high in potassium
(make sure that we only give 40mEq of K per liter of fluid into peripheral IV (burns
vein and cardiac irritant)
hyperkalemia - thready, slow pulse, shallow breathing, irritability, muscle weakness,
paralysis, diarrhea, and N/V, difficult respirations
level above 5.0 mEq
Kayexlatae - ordered
possibly insulin and glucose will help lower potassium
hypokalemia - S/S threayd pulse, weak pulse, faint heart sounds, decreased blood
presur, skeletal muscle weakness, decreased or absent reflexes (common becuase
of the increase in magnesium), shallow respirations, vomoiting, weight loss
adminster potassium - generally ordered diet high in potassium - K level below 3.5
hypernatreium - level above 145
dry stick mucous membranes, flushed skin, rogh dr tongue, oliguria to anuria (no
flushing of salt total retention), look for hallucinations
hyponatremia - N/V abdominal cramping, weigh loss, cold, clammy skin, decreased
skin tugor
ginerprinting over sternum, headache, confuison, postural hypotension, fatigue,
thready pulse, hypotensive
hypercalcemia - above 10.5
can be caused by a variety of facotrs which might include immobility, increased
intake of vit d, osteporosis, and osteomalacia or hyperparathyroidism (essentially the
bonesare not retaining a high enough concentration- rather it is being realized into
the blood stream)
N/V anorexia, constiptaion, headahce, fonsuion, deep bone or flank pain, decreased
muscle tone
in patient with hypercalcium we want to encourage them to increase their activity and
limit their intake of calcium and vit d
hypocalcemia - below a level of 8.5
hypoparathyroidism, diarrhea, lack of vit d
SS - painful tonic msucle spams, facial spams, faitug , laryngospasm, positive
trousseau's (20 mm/hg above the norm baseline and observe for carpal spasms) or
Chvostek (facial spasms), convulsions and dyspnea
calcium gluconate administered
hypermagnesemia - commonly attributed to dehydration
letharic, somnelence (drowsiness - depresses the CNS)
increase fluid intake
hypomagnesemia - paresthesia, confusion, hallucinations, convulsions, ataxia,
tremors, hyperactive reflexes, muscle spasm, flusing of the face, diaphoresis
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS - diabetic ketoacidosis, uremia, starvation, severe
infections, renal tubular
above - 26
HA, N/V, weakness, lethargic, disoriented, confusion, convulsions, coma
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS - severe vomiting, Ng suctioning, diuretic therapy,
excesive ingestion of sodium bicarb, biliary drainage
below - 24
N/V, numbness and tingling, tetany, bradycardia, decreased respirations
REspiratory acidosis - fight or flight - COPD, barbituate or sedative overdose, acute
ariway obstruction,... [Show Less]
