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ALL SUBJECT COVERED _HESI READING COMPREHENSION 2020 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS exam WALDEN UNIVERSITY
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HESI READING COMPREHENSION 2020 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
It is most likely that you have never had diphtheria. You probably don’t even know anyone who has suffered from this disease. In fact, you may not even ... [Show More] know what diphtheria is. Similarly, diseases like whooping cough, measles, mumps, and rubella may all be unfamiliar to you. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, these illnesses struck hundreds of thousands of people in the United States each year, mostly children, and tens of thousands of people died. The names of these diseases were frightening household words. Today, they are all but forgotten. That change happened largely because of vaccines. You probably have been vaccinated against diphtheria. You may even have been exposed to the bacterium that causes it, but the vaccine prepared your body to fight off the disease so quickly that you were unaware of the infection. Vaccines take advantage of your body’s natural ability to learn how to combat many disease-causing germs, or microbes. What’s more, your body remembers how to protect itself from the microbes it has encountered before. Collectively, the parts of your body that remember and repel microbes are called the immune system. Without the proper functioning of the immune system, the simplest illness—even the common cold—could quickly turn deadly. On average, your immune system needs more than a week to learn how to fight off an unfamiliar microbe. Sometimes, that isn’t enough time. Strong microbes can spread through your body faster than the immune system can fend them off. Your body often gains the upper hand after a few weeks, but in the meantime you are sick. Certain microbes are so virulent that they can overwhelm or escape your natural defenses. In those situations, vaccines can make all the difference. Traditional vaccines contain either parts of microbes or whole microbes that have been altered so that they don’t cause disease. When your immune system confronts these harmless versions of the germs, it quickly clears them from your body. In other words, vaccines trick your immune system in order to teach your body important lessons about how to defeat its opponents. 1. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were a dark period for medicine. B. You have probably never had diphtheria. C. Traditional vaccines contain altered microbes. D. Vaccines help the immune system function properly. 2. Which statement is not a detail from the passage? A. Vaccines contain microbe parts or altered microbes. B. The immune system typically needs a week to learn how to fight a new disease. C. The symptoms of disease do not emerge until the body has learned how to fight the microbe. D. A hundred years ago, children were at the greatest risk of dying from now-treatable diseases. 3. What is the meaning of the word virulent as it is used in the third paragraph? A. tiny B. malicious C. contagious D. annoying 4. What is the author’s primary purpose in writing the essay? A. to entertain B. to persuade C. to inform D. to analyze Questions 5 to 8 pertain to the following passage : Foodborne illnesses are contracted by eating food or drinking beverages contaminated with bacteria, parasites, or viruses. Harmful chemicals can also cause foodborne illnesses if they have contaminated food during harvesting or processing. Foodborne illnesses can cause symptoms ranging from upset stomach to diarrhea, fever, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and dehydration. Most foodborne infections are undiagnosed and unreported, though the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that every year about 76 million people in the United States become ill from pathogens in food. About 5,000 of these people die. Harmful bacteria are the most common cause of foodborne illness. Some bacteria may be present at the point of purchase. Raw foods are the most common source of foodborne illnesses because they are not sterile; examples include raw meat and poultry contaminated during slaughter. Seafood may become contaminated during harvest or processing. One in 10,000 eggs may be contaminated with Salmonella inside the shell. Produce, such as spinach, lettuce, tomatoes, sprouts, and melons, can become contaminated with Salmonella, Shigella, or Escherichia coli (E. coli). Contamination can occur during growing, harvesting, processing, storing, shipping, or final preparation. Sources of produce contamination vary, as these foods are grown in soil and can become contaminated during growth, processing, or distribution. Contamination may also occur during food preparation in a restaurant or a home kitchen. The most common form of contamination from handled foods is the calicivirus, also called the Norwalk-like virus. When food is cooked and left out for more than two hours at room temperature, bacteria can multiply quickly. Most bacteria don’t produce an odor or change in color or texture, so they can be impossible to detect. Freezing food slows or stops bacteria’s growth, but does not destroy the bacteria. The microbes can become reactivated when the food is thawed. Refrigeration also can slow the growth of some bacteria. Thorough cooking is required to destroy the bacteria. 5. What is the subject of the passage? A. foodborne illnesses B. the dangers of uncooked food C. bacteria D. proper food preparation 6. Which statement is not a detail from the passage? A. Every year, more than 70 million Americans contract some form of foodborne illness. B. Once food is cooked, it cannot cause illness. C. Refrigeration can slow the growth of some bacteria. D. The most common form of contamination in handled foods is calicivirus. 7. What is the meaning of the word pathogens as it is used in the first paragraph? A. diseases B. vaccines C. disease-causing substances D. foods 8. What is the meaning of the word sterile as it is used in the second paragraph? A. free of bacteria B. healthy C. delicious D. impotent Questions 9 to 12 pertain to the following passage: There are a number of health problems related to bleeding in the esophagus and stomach. Stomach acid can cause inflammation and bleeding at the lower end of the esophagus. This condition, usually associated with the symptom of heartburn, is called esophagitis, or inflammation of the esophagus. Sometimes a muscle between the esophagus and stomach fails to close properly and allows the return of food and stomach juices into the esophagus, which can lead to esophagitis. In another unrelated condition, enlarged veins (varices) at the lower end of the esophagus rupture and bleed massively. Cirrhosis of the liver is the most common cause of esophageal varices. Esophageal bleeding can be caused by a tear in the lining of the esophagus (Mallory-Weiss syndrome). Mallory-Weiss syndrome usually results from vomiting, but may also be caused by increased pressure in the abdomen from coughing, hiatal hernia, or childbirth. Esophageal cancer can cause bleeding. The stomach is a frequent site of bleeding. Infections with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), alcohol, aspirin, aspirin-containing medicines, and various other medicines (such as nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]—particularly those used for arthritis) can cause stomach ulcers or infl [Show Less]
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HESI A2 ENTRANCE EXAMS ALL SUBJECT COVERED
HESI A2 ENTRANCE EXAMS ALL SUBJECT COVERED HESI A2 VERSION1 READING COMPEHENSION Doppler Effect Have you ever wondered why the whistle of a t... [Show More] raveling, distant locomotive predicts its approach several yards before anyone actually sees it? Or why an oncoming ambulance’s screaming siren is heard momentarily several feet before the ambulance comes into full view, before it passes you, and why its siren is still heard faintly well after the ambulance is out of sight? What you are witnessing is a scientific phenomenon known as the Doppler Effect. What takes place is truly remarkable. In both of these instances, when the train or ambulance moves toward the sound waves in front of it, the sound waves are pulled closer together and have a higher frequency. In either instance, the listener positioned in front of the moving object hears a higher pitch. The ambulance and locomotive are progressively moving away from the sound waves behind them, causing the waves to be farther apart and to have a lower frequency. These fast- approaching modes of transportation distance themselves past the listener, who hears a lower pitch. 1. Which statement is not listed as a detail in the passage? A. The oncoming sound waves have a higher pitch because of high frequency and closeness of waves. B. The oncoming sound waves have a higher pitch because of low frequency and closeness of waves. C. The whistling sound of the locomotive as it approaches and passes can be explained by the Doppler effect. D. The high-pitched sound of the ambulance as it approaches and passes can be explained by the Doppler effect. 2. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Trains and ambulances make distinctly loud noises. B. Low-frequency waves make high-pitched sounds. C. High-frequency waves make low-pitched sounds. D. The Doppler Effect explains the rationale for why sound is heard initially more strongly and then faintly after a moving object has passed. 3. What is the meaning of the word phenomenon in the second paragraph? A. Something that is lifeless to the senses B. Something that is nonchalant C. Something that is significant but unusual D. Something that is chemical in origin 4. What is the author’s primary purpose in writing this essay? A. To entertain the reader with information about trains and ambulances B. To inform the reader about avoiding accidents, which involve trains and ambulances C. To inform the reader about how movement affects sound D. To analyze the difference between train and ambulance sounds 5. Which sound waves have a higher pitch? A. Those waves that are closer together B. Those waves that are farther apart C. Those waves that travel a long distance D. Those waves that travel a short distance 6. Which sound waves have a lower pitch? A. Those waves that are closer together B. Those waves that are farther apart C. Those waves that travel a long distance D. Those waves that travel a short distance Electrocardiogram Beep!…Beep!…Beep! is the audible rhythmic sound made as the strength of the heart muscle is measured. The signal cadence has a characteristic record that varies in every individual. This record is called an electrocardiogram, or ECG. In the body, an array of systemic neural responses constantly occur, emitting electric currents. The electric currents can be detected on the surface of the body, and if a person is hooked to an amplifier, these impulses are recorded by an electrocardiograph. Most of the information obtained is about the heart because the heart sends out electric currents in waves. This “wave of excitation” spreads through the heart wall and is accompanied by electric changes. The wave takes place in three distinct steps. Initially, the “wave of excitation” accompanied by an electric change lasts for approximately 1 to 2 seconds after the contraction of the cardiac muscle. The electric impulses are discharged rhythmically from the sinoatrial (SA) node, the pacemaker of the heart. This spread of excitation over the muscle of the atrium indicates that the atrium has contracted. Next, the peak of the ECG reading is due to the atrioventricular (AV) node, causing the ventricle to become excited. Finally, the ventricles relax, and any changes in the wave indicate to trained medical staff any abnormalities within the heart. 7. What is the author’s primary purpose in writing the essay? A. To persuade the reader to have an ECG B. To entertain the reader with a heart-warming story C. To inform the reader how an electrocardiograph reads the electric currents emitted by the heart D. To analyze the difference in the SA node and the AV node 8. Which statement is not listed as a detail within the passage? A. Changes in the ECG are typically used for diagnosis of abnormal cardiac rhythm. B. The signal has a characteristic record called the electrocardiogram. C. The “wave of excitation” starts at the SA node. D. The “wave of excitation” spreads through the heart wall and is accompanied by electric changes. 9. What is the meaning of the word emitting as it is used in the second paragraph? A. Repelling B. Releasing C. Closing D. Charging 10. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Electric currents within the body are due to electrostatic charges set off by the heart. B. The ECG systematically and quickly measures the stages at which the “wave of excitation” occurs within the heart and records them. C. The “wave of excitation” is detected on the surface of the body and is used to measure the atrial excitation of the heart. D. The electric currents within the body are in direct relation to the “wave of excitation” measured by the ECG. 11. What is the best summary of the passage? A. Electric currents within the body are due to electrostatic charges set off by the heart. Medical staff are trained to recognize any abnormalities within the heart. B. Every individual has unique electric currents on the surface of the body. The ECG measures and records these electric currents. C. The ECG systematically and rather quickly measures the stages at which the “wave of excitation” occurs within the heart and records them. This wave has three distinct steps that spread from the SA node to the AV node. D. The ECG measures the electric currents within the body. These currents are detected on the surface of the body when the body is connected to an amplifier. 12. What are the three steps of the “wave of excitation”? A. The discharge from the SA node, the peak ECG, and the excitement of the ventricle. B. The excitement of the ventricle, the relaxing of the ventricle, and the systemic neural response. C. The contraction of the atrium, the relaxation of the atrium, and the contraction of the ventricle. D. The excitation of the atrium, the excitement of the ventricle, and the relaxing of the ventricle. Blood Pressure Regulators The body is composed of systems that have evolved and diversified in order to maintain the natural functions and processes they regulate. One such system that has these regulators is the body’s cardiovascular system. The body’s pump, which regulates the flow of vitally needed oxygen to all cells of the body, as well as the discard of carbon dioxide and other waste products, is the heart. Because blood pressure varies at different points within the body, differing components are needed to keep the body’s blood pressure regulated. Three of the basic components are baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys. Baroreceptors are stretch receptors composed of fine branching nerve endings and are contained along the walls of the arteries near the heart and in other areas of the body as well. Impulses are related to this stretching along the arterial walls, which causes these baroreceptors to send out even more impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins, causing the blood pressure to go either up or down. Chemoreceptors are located along the walls of the arteries and monitor changes in oxygen level, carbon dioxide, and pH. Just think! A fall in oxygen causes receptors to send impulses to raise the blood pressure. The kidneys play a role in regulating blood pressure by absorbing salts and water and removing wastes. Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex cause the kidney to keep or let go of any salt and water. This has an influence on blood volume and consequently on blood pressure. 13. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Blood pressure can be treated only by monitoring baroreceptors. B. Blood pressure can be treated only by monitoring chemoreceptors. C. Blood pressure can be treated only by monitoring the kidneys. D. Blood pressure can be regulated through baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys. 14. Which statement is not a detail from the passage? A. Baroreceptors are rigid and static nerve endings that are contained along the arterial walls and send out messages along the nerve pathway. B. Chemoreceptors are located along the walls of the arteries and monitor changes in oxygen level. C. The kidneys play a role in regulating blood pressure by absorbing salts and water. D. The heart is the body’s pump, which regulates the flow of vitally needed oxygen to cells of the body. 15. What is the meaning of the word evolved in the first paragraph? A. To spread B. To gradually develop C. To revolve D. To shift 16. What is the writer’s primary purpose in writing this essay? A. To inform the reader about the dangers of high blood pressure B. To inform the reader how high blood pressure leads to a higher risk of heart attack C. To inform the reader how the cardiovascular system regulates blood pressure D. To persuade the reader that controlling one’s blood pressure is important 17. What is the best summary of this passage? A. The body’s pump, the heart, regulates the flow of oxygen to all cells of the body and discards waste products that include carbon dioxide. The kidneys help in this process by absorbing salts and water. B. There are several systems to maintain the natural functions and processes of the body. One system is the cardiovascular system, which regulates blood pressure through baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys. C. Baroreceptors help regulate blood pressure and are found along the wall of the arteries. Baroreceptors send out impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins, resulting in the lowering or raising of blood pressure. D. Chemoreceptors monitor changes in oxygen level that affect blood pressure. 18. What is a major difference in the way baroreceptors and chemoreceptors work from the way the kidneys work? A. Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors both work within the wall of the arteries sending out impulses to raise or lower blood pressure, whereas the kidneys help control blood volume. B. Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors both work to help maintain blood volume, whereas the kidneys take care of salts, water, and waste removal. C. Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors must work together to control blood pressure, whereas the kidneys work with the adrenal cortex. D. Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors are both located near the adrenal cortex, whereas the kidneys are located near the heart. Questions 19 to 24 pertain to the following passage: The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that defends the body against attacks by foreign invaders. These invaders are primarily microbes—tiny organisms such as bacteria, parasites, and fungi—that can cause infections. Viruses also cause infections, but are too primitive to be classified as living organisms. The human body provides an ideal environment for many microbes. It is the immune system’s job to keep the microbes out or destroy them. The immune system is amazingly complex. It can recognize and remember millions of different enemies, and it can secrete fluids and cells to wipe out nearly all of them. The secret to its success is an elaborate and dynamic communications network. Millions of cells, organized into sets and subsets, gather and transfer information in response to an infection. Once immune cells receive the alarm, they produce powerful chemicals that help to regulate their own growth and behavior, enlist other immune cells, and direct the new recruits to trouble spots. Although scientists have learned much about the immune system, they continue to puzzle over how the body destroys invading microbes, infected cells, and tumors without harming healthy tissues. New technologies for identifying individual immune cells are now allowing scientists to determine quickly which targets are triggering an immune response. Improvements in microscopy are permitting the first-ever observations of living B cells, T cells, and other cells as they interact within lymph nodes and other body tissues. In addition, scientists are rapidly unraveling the genetic blueprints that direct the human immune response, as well as those that dictate the biology of bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The combination of new technology with expanded genetic information will no doubt reveal even more about how the body protects itself from disease. 19. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Scientists fully understand the immune system. B. The immune system triggers the production of fluids. C. The body is under constant invasion by malicious microbes. D. The immune system protects the body from infection. 20. Which statement is not a detail from the passage? A. Most invaders of the body are microbes. B. The immune system relies on excellent communication. C. Viruses are extremely sophisticated. D. The cells of the immune system are organized. 21. What is the meaning of the word ideal as it is used in the first paragraph? A. thoughtful B. confined C. hostile D. perfect 22. Which statement is not a detail from the passage? A. Scientists can now see T cells. B. The immune system ignores tumors. C. The ability of the immune system to fight disease without harming the body remains mysterious. D. The immune system remembers millions of different invaders. 23. What is the meaning of the word enlist as it is used in the second paragraph? A. call into service B. write down C. send away D. put across 24. What is the author’s primary purpose in writing the essay? A. to persuade B. to analyze C. to inform D. to entertain Questions 25 to 28 pertain to the following passage: The federal government regulates dietary supplements through the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The regulations for dietary supplements are not the same as those for prescription or over-the-counter drugs. In general, the regulations for dietary supplements are less strict. To begin with, a manufacturer does not have to prove the safety and effectiveness of a dietary supplement before it is marketed. A manufacturer is permitted to say that a dietary supplement addresses a nutrient deficiency, supports health, or is linked to a particular body function (such as immunity), if there is research to support the claim. Such a claim must be followed by the words “This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.” Also, manufacturers are expected to follow certain good manufacturing practices (GMPs) to ensure that dietary supplements are processed consistently and meet quality standards. Requirements for GMPs went into effect in 2008 for large manufacturers and are being phased in for small manufacturers through 2010. Once a dietary supplement is on the market, the FDA monitors safety and product information, such as label claims and package inserts. If it finds a product to be unsafe, it can take action against the manufacturer and/or distributor and may issue a warning or require that the product be removed from the marketplace. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is responsible for regulating product advertising; it requires that all information be truthful and not misleading. The federal government has taken legal action against a number of dietary supplement promoters or Web sites that promote or sell dietary supplements because they have made false or deceptive statements about their products or because marketed products have proven to be unsafe. 25. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Manufacturers of dietary supplements have to follow good manufacturing practices. B. The FDA has a special program for regulating dietary supplements. C. The federal government prosecutes those who mislead the general public. D. The FDA is part of the federal government. 26. Which statement is not a detail from the passage? A. Promoters of dietary supplements can make any claims that are supported by research. B. GMP requirements for large manufacturers went into effect in 2008. C. Product advertising is regulated by the FTC. D. The FDA does not monitor products after they enter the market. 27. What is the meaning of the phrase phased in as it is used in the third paragraph? A. stunned into silence B. confused C. implemented in stages D. legalized 28. What is the meaning of the word deceptive as it is used in the fifth paragraph? A. misleading B. malicious C. illegal D. irritating Questions 29 to 32 pertain to the following passage: Foodborne illnesses are contracted by eating food or drinking beverages contaminated with bacteria, parasites, or viruses. Harmful chemicals can also cause foodborne illnesses if they have contaminated food during harvesting or processing. Foodborne illnesses can cause symptoms ranging from upset stomach to diarrhea, fever, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and dehydration. Most foodborne infections are undiagnosed and unreported, though the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that every year about 76 million people in the United States become ill from pathogens in food. About 5,000 of these people die. Harmful bacteria are the most common cause of foodborne illness. Some bacteria may be present at the point of purchase. Raw foods are the most common source of foodborne illnesses because they are not sterile; examples include raw meat and poultry contaminated during slaughter. Seafood may become contaminated during harvest or processing. One in 10,000 eggs may be contaminated with Salmonella inside the shell. Produce, such as spinach, lettuce, tomatoes, sprouts, and melons, can become contaminated with Salmonella, Shigella, or Escherichia coli (E. coli). Contamination can occur during growing, harvesting, processing, storing, shipping, or final preparation. Sources of produce contamination vary, as these foods are grown in soil and can become contaminated during growth, processing, or distribution. Contamination may also occur during food preparation in a restaurant or a home kitchen. The most common form of contamination from handled foods is the calicivirus, also called the Norwalk-like virus. When food is cooked and left out for more than two hours at room temperature, bacteria can multiply quickly. Most bacteria don’t produce an odor or change in color or texture, so they can be impossible to detect. Freezing food slows or stops bacteria’s growth, but does not destroy the bacteria. The microbes can become reactivated when the food is thawed. Refrigeration also can slow the growth of some bacteria. Thorough cooking is required to destroy the bacteria. 29. What is the subject of the passage? A. foodborne illnesses B. the dangers of uncooked food C. bacteria D. proper food preparation 30. Which statement is not a detail from the passage? A. Every year, more than 70 million Americans contract some form of foodborne illness. B. Once food is cooked, it cannot cause illness. C. Refrigeration can slow the growth of some bacteria. D. The most common form of contamination in handled foods is calicivirus. 31. What is the meaning of the word pathogens as it is used in the first paragraph? A. diseases B. vaccines C. disease-causing substances D. foods 32. What is the meaning of the word sterile as it is used in the second paragraph? A. free of bacteria B. healthy C. delicious D. impotent The Water Cycle Water is needed to sustain practically all life functions on planet Earth. A single drop of this compound is composed of an oxygen atom that shares its electrons with each of the two hydrogen atoms. The cycle starts when precipitation, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, descends from the sky onto the ground. Water that is not absorbed immediately from the precipitation is known as runoff. The runoff flows across the land and collects in groundwater reservoirs, rivers, streams, and oceans. Evaporation takes place when liquid water changes into water vapor, which is a gas. Water vapor returns to the air from surface water and plants. Ultimately, condensation happens when this water vapor cools and changes back into droplets of liquid. In fact, the puffy, cotton clouds that we observe are formed by condensation. When the clouds become heavily laden with liquid droplets, precipitation ensues. 33. What is the meaning of the word composed in the first paragraph? A. To consist of B. To be uniquely discovered C. To be set apart D. To be surprised 34. What is the main idea of this passage? A. Water is formed from the joining of two hydrogen atoms to one atom of oxygen. B. Water is a versatile and important universal solvent. C. The different components of the water cycle are precipitation, evaporation, and condensation. D. Rain is a trivial part of the life cycle. 35. Which statement is not a detail from the passage? A. A single drop of water is made of a couple of hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms. B. Evaporation takes place when liquid water changes into water vapor. C. Water that is not absorbed is called runoff. D. Condensation fails to happen when water vapor cools and changes back into droplets of liquid. 36. What was the author’s primary purpose for writing this essay? A. To persuade the reader to conserve water B. To persuade the reader that runoff is not the best way to collect water C. To analyze different types of runoff D. To inform the reader about the stages of the water cycle 37. What can the reader conclude from this passage about ponds and lakes? A. They are examples of groundwater reservoirs. B. They are not important in the collection of runoff. C. They do not play a role in water collection. D. They consist of only water collected through precipitation. 38. Knowing that the cooling of water vapor results in condensation, one could conclude that is/are a factor in the evaporation process. A. Humidity B. Heat C. Electrons D. Runoff Questions 39 to 42 pertain to the following passage: Searching for medical information can be confusing, especially for first-timers. However, if you are patient and stick to it, you can find a wealth of information. Your community library is a good place to start your search for medical information. Before going to the library, you may find it helpful to make a list of topics you want information about and questions you have. Your list of topics and questions will make it easier for the librarian [Show Less]
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HESI READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Food away from home (FAFH) has been associated with poor diet quality in many studies. It is difficult, however, to measure the effect of FAFH on diet qual... [Show More] ity since many unobserved factors, such as food preferences and time constraints, influence not just our choice of where to eat, but also the nutritional quality of what we eat. Using data from 1994-96 and 2003-04, this study applies fixed-effects estimation to control for such unobservable influences and finds that, for the average adult, FAFH increases daily caloric intake and reduces diet quality. The effects vary depending on which meals are consumed away from home. On average, breakfast away from home decreases the number of servings of whole grains and dairy consumed per 1,000 calories and increases the percent of calories from saturated and solid fat, alcohol, and added sugar (So FAAS) in a day. Dinner away from home reduces the number of servings of vegetables consumed per 1,000 calories for the average adult. Breakfast and lunch away from home increase calories from saturated fat and So FAAS on average more among dieters than among non- dieters. Some of the overall negative dietary effects decreased between 1994-96 and 2003-04, including those on whole grain, sodium, and vegetable consumption. Which meal(s) eaten away from home have worse results for dieters than for non-dieters? A. The article doesn’t state which meal is the worse for non-dieters B. Dinner eaten away from home is worse because people consume fewer whole grains and vegetables. C. Breakfast eaten away from home is worse because it increases the percent of calories from saturated and solid fat, alcohol, and added sugar (So FAAS) in a day. D. Breakfast and lunch eaten away from home are worse because they increase the percent of calories from saturated fats. Why is it difficult to measure the effect of food away from home on diet quality? A. People eat out too much, so it is not possible to collect accurate data. B. Researchers are unable to assess the nutritional quality of people’s diets. C. Peoples’ food preferences are too complex and may even be unmeasurable. D. Too many unknown variables affect the data. Which statement is not a detail from the passage? A. Eating breakfast away from home can result in an increase in fatty protein consumption. B. Eating food away from home is connected to bad food choices. C. In general, people who eat breakfast away from home consume more calories. D. Eating dinner away from home results in less vegetable consumption. What is the meaning of the word “associated” in the first paragraph? A. Specialized B. Predated C. Connected D. Obfuscated A nanometer is a billionth of a meter. A DNA molecule is 2 nanometers in diameter. Protein molecules are about 10 nanometers in diameter. A human hair is 100,000 nanometers in diameter. But what is a nanometer and how does it relate to technology? Nanotechnology is defined as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, a scale at which unique properties of materials emerge that can be used to develop novel technologies and products. At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ from the properties of matter either at smaller scales, such as atoms, or at larger scales that we use in everyday life such as millimeters or inches. Nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter only a few nanometers in size. Gold nanoparticles are made of the same material as in jewelry. But when light interacts with particles of gold, different colors are reflected. The different colors can be used in simple medical tests to indicate infection or disease. Metals such as copper become extremely rigid at the nanoscale, rather than bendable as in copper wires seen in everyday use. What is the major difference between matter at the nanoscale and matter at larger scales such as millimeters or inches? A. At the nanoscale, metals are bendable, and at larger scales they are rigid. B. Matter has different and special characteristics at the nanoscale. C. At the nanoscale, matter has the same properties as matter at the atomic level. D. There is no difference. Which claim from the passage best describes the benefits of nanotechnology? A. Scientists can develop novel technologies and products. B. Nanotechnology is defined as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers. C. The different colors can be used in simple medical tests to indicate infection or disease. D. Unique properties of materials emerge. What is the author’s primary purpose in writing this essay? A. To explain how to utilize the nanoscale B. To review the conversion between the nanoscale and nanotechnology C. To advocate for the usage of more nanotechnology D. To describe nanotechnology and what it is Researchers have developed a recording device that essentially melts into place, snugly fitting to the brain's surface. This new technology allows for closer interaction between machines and living tissue, paving the way for more advanced implantable devices. Currently, the simplest devices for recording from the brain are needle-like electrodes that can penetrate into brain tissue. More state-of-the-art devices, called micro-electrode arrays, consist of dozens of semi-flexible wire electrodes. These are usually fixed to rigid silicon grids that don't conform to the brain's shape. An ideal recording device would conform to complex curved surfaces while placing minimal stress on the tissue. The scientists chose silk as their base material because it is flexible and durable enough to withstand manipulation. The team reported that they were able to create ultrathin flexible implants that hug the brain like shrink wrap, collapsing into its grooves and stretching over its rounded surfaces. The silk base dissolves once it makes contact with the brain, allowing the array to end up tightly hugging the brain. They found that the ultrathin arrays they created can record brain activity more faithfully than thicker implants embedded with similar electronics. Which sentence best summarizes the benefits of the new silk technology? A. The new technology allows for closer interaction between machines and living tissue, paving the way for more advanced implantable devices. B. These implants have the potential to maximize the contact between electrodes and brain tissue, while minimizing damage to the brain. C. They could provide a platform for a range of devices with applications in epilepsy, spinal cord injuries, and other neurological disorders. D. The arrays could potentially read the complex signals in the brain that direct movement, and then route those signals to healthy muscles or prosthetic devices. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the silk brain recording device? A. Durability B. Flexibility C. Different rates of dissolution D. Needle – like electrodes Neurologists and biological psychologists have witnessed a sharp increase in the knowledge and understanding of particular structures of the brain over the past two decades. As technology becomes ever more advanced, scientists are able to isolate the functions of even small regions of the human brain. One noteworthy discovery is the role of the amygdala in human fear and aggression. The amygdala, a small, almond-shaped conglomerate, is just one part of the limbic system. Located at the very center of the brain, the limbic system is the core of our 'emotional brain;' each individual structure in the limbic system is somehow connected to an aspect of human emotion. Scientists have found that electrode stimulation of the amygdala can elicit extreme and aggressive acts. Patients or experimental subjects who experience this utter rage and fearlessness have no rational foundation for their reaction. In other words, this aggression is wholly attributable to electrode stimulation. On the other hand, patients with trauma or damage to this structure exhibit a complete absence of aggression. Researchers find that no amount of poking, prodding or harassment will evoke even remotely aggressive responses from these subjects. The author suggests that persistent passivity and imperturbability may be a direct result of which of the following? A. Drug-induced stimulation of the amygdala. B. A stroke that resulted in severe tissue damage in the limbic system C. Encephalitis as a result of head trauma D. Activation of a strategically implanted electrode in a patient’s amygdala. Which statement is not listed as a detail within the passage? A. Electrode stimulation of the amygdala can elicit extreme aggressive acts. B. Scientists are able to isolate the functions of even small regions of the human brain. C. Typically, temperamental rhesus monkeys with amygdala damage are completely imperturbable. D. Subjects who experience this utter rage and fearlessness have no rational foundation for their reaction. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The human brain is as complex as it is mysterious. B. Patients with damaged amygdalas are less aggressive than individuals with healthy ones. C. Electrode stimulation is a valuable tool for researchers who study the human brain. D. Scientists have learned a lot about how the amygdala affects human emotion. The ability to see at a distance, in good light, does not diminish as a result of aging to the extent that other visual acuities do. Myopia, or nearsightedness, is more common to younger eyes, while presbyopia, or farsightedness, more commonly afflicts people as they age. The word presbyopia comes from Greek presbys, "old man," and opia, "eye," and names a condition in which, because the lens of the eye hardens slightly and loses elasticity as a person ages, one cannot as easily focus sharply on nearby objects. This condition leads to the familiar habit of lifting up one's glasses and bringing an object or reading material close to the face so that the eyes can more easily focus on it. The function of the lens is to accommodate different focal points so that sensory data can be correctly directed to the retina for interpretation into images by the brain. Corrective lenses, particularly bifocals or progressive lenses, adjust for the focal point aberration. In essence, they do the work that the eye can no longer do for itself. In the context of the passage, “accommodate” means to A. Arrange lodging for B. Contain C. Make allowances for D. Excuse The author of the passage would probably agree with which of the following statements relating corrective lenses and aging eyes? A. A dancer with a broken bone needs a cast to protect it. B. A hiker reinforces a fraying backpack strap with duct tape. C. A traveler gets a passport before going abroad. D. An athlete stretches before a game to avoid a potential injury. What was the author’s primary purpose for writing this essay? A. To define what presbyopia is B. To describe how eyes age and the function of corrective lens C. To compare and contrast nearsightedness with farsightedness D. To review the anatomy of the human eye Alfalfa thrives on land which contains lime, and gives poor results when this ingredient is deficient. The explanation is simple: there is a community of interest between the very low microscopic animal life, known as bacteria, and plant life, generally. In every ounce of soil there are millions of these living germs which have their allotted work to do, and they thrive best in soils containing lime. If one digs up a root of alfalfa (it need not be an old plant, the youngest plant will show the same peculiarity), and care is taken in exposing the root (perhaps the best method is the washing away of the surrounding earth by water), some small nodules attached to the fine, hair-like roots are easily distinguished with the naked eye. These nodules are the home of a teeming, microscopic, industrious population, who perform their allotted work with the silent, persistent energy so often displayed in nature. Which of the following is an accurate paraphrasing of the underlined phrase? A. Many people are intrigued by the relationship between bacteria and plant life. B. Bacteria and alfalfa plants have a symbiotic relationship. C. Bacteria in alfalfa is worth studying. D. The gardening community is very invested in the bacteria found in alfalfa. In the context in which it appears, “naked” most nearly means which of the following? A. Nude B. Opaque C. Unaided D. Reflective Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage? A. A 1 month – old alfalfa plant will have more bacteria than a 5 month – old plant. B. A soil without lime will not grow bacteria. C. Bacteria located inside the root nodules. D. A 3 month – old alfalfa plant will have more bacteria than a one – year old plant. The author of the passage suggests which of the following about bacteria? A. Baacteria feeds on lime. B. Bacteria is visible to the human eye. C. Bacteria is compact by nature. D. Bacteria is a plant, not an animal. The Bicycle V2 Today, bicycles are so common that it’s hard to believe they haven’t always been around. But two hundred years ago, bicycles didn’t even exist, and the first bicycle, invented in Germany in 1818, was nothing like our bicycles today. It was made of wood and didn’t even have pedals. Since then, however, numerous innovations and improvements in design have made the bicycle one of the most popular means of recreation and transportation around the world. In 1839, Kirkpatrick Macmillan, a Scottish blacksmith, dramatically improved upon the original bicycle design. Macmillan’s machine had tires with iron rims to keep them from getting worn down. He also used foot – operated cranks like pedals, so his bicycle could be ridden at a quick pace. It didn’t look much like a modern bicycle, though, because its back wheel was substantially larger than its front wheel. In 1861, the French Michaux brothers took Highlight the passage. Which word and idea should be underlined? The main idea of this passage is best explained in which sentence? o Sentence (1): Today, bicycles are so common that it’s hard to believe they haven’t always been around. o Sentence (13): It wasn’t until 1874 that the first truly modern bicycle appeared on the scene. o Sentence (4): Since then, however, numerous innovations and improvements in design have made the bicycle one of the most popular means of recreation and transportation around the world. o Sentence (18): Today they are built, used, and enjoyed all over the world. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? o Bicycles are better o A ride through the history of bicycles o Cycle your way to fitness o The popularity of bicycles Sentence (8); It didn’t look much like a modern bicycle, through because its back wheel was substantially larger than its front wheel, “follows which pattern? o Fact, fact o Fact, opinion o Opinion, fact o Opinion, opinion Macmillan added iron rims to the tires of his bicycle to…. o Add wight to the bicycle o Makes the tires last longer o Makes the ride less bumpy o Makes the ride less tiring Initially, scientists suspected a high dietary calcium i [Show Less]
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HESI A2 (READING,GRAMMAR,MAT H,BIOLOGY & ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022.2023)
Food away from home (FAFH) has been associated with poor diet quality in many studies. It is difficult, however, to measure the effect of FAFH on diet qual... [Show More] ity since many unobserved factors, such as food preferences and time constraints, influence not just our choice of where to eat, but also the nutritional quality of what we eat. Using data from 1994-96 and 2003-04, this study applies fixed-effects estimation to control for such unobservable influences and finds that, for the average adult, FAFH increases daily caloric intake and reduces diet quality. The effects vary depending on which meals are consumed away from home. On average, breakfast away from home decreases the number of servings of whole grains and dairy consumed per 1,000 calories and increases the percent of calories from saturated and solid fat, alcohol, and added sugar (So FAAS) in a day. Dinner away from home reduces the number of servings of vegetables consumed per 1,000 calories for the average adult. Breakfast and lunch away from home increase calories from saturated fat and So FAAS on average more among dieters than among non- dieters. Some of the overall negative dietary effects decreased between 1994-96 and 2003- 04, including those on whole grain, sodium, and vegetable consumption. Which meal(s) eaten away from home have worse results for dieters than for non-dieters? A. The article doesn’t state which meal is the worse for non-dieters B. Dinner eaten away from home is worse because people consume fewer whole grains and vegetables. C. Breakfast eaten away from home is worse because it increases the percent of calories from saturated and solid fat, alcohol, and added sugar (So FAAS) in a day. D. Breakfast and lunch eaten away from home are worse because they increase the percent of calories from saturated fats. Why is it difficult to measure the effect of food away from home on diet quality? A. People eat out too much, so it is not possible to collect accurate data. B. Researchers are unable to assess the nutritional quality of people’s diets. C. Peoples’ food preferences are too complex and may even be unmeasurable. D. Too many unknown variables affect the data. Which statement is not a detail from the passage? A. Eating breakfast away from home can result in an increase in fatty protein consumption. B. Eating food away from home is connected to bad food choices. C. In general, people who eat breakfast away from home consume more calories. D. Eating dinner away from home results in less vegetable consumption. What is the meaning of the word “associated” in the first paragraph? A. Specialized B. Predated C. Connected D. Obfuscated A nanometer is a billionth of a meter. A DNA molecule is 2 nanometers in diameter. Protein molecules are about 10 nanometers in diameter. A human hair is 100,000 nanometers in diameter. But what is a nanometer and how does it relate to technology? Nanotechnology is defined as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, a scale at which unique properties of materials emerge that can be used to develop novel technologies and products. At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ from the properties of matter either at smaller scales, such as atoms, or at larger scales that we use in everyday life such as millimeters or inches. Nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter only a few nanometers in size. Gold nanoparticles are made of the same material as in jewelry. But when light interacts with particles of gold, different colors are reflected. The different colors can be used in simple medical tests to indicate infection or disease. Metals such as copper become extremely rigid at the nanoscale, rather than bendable as in copper wires seen in everyday use. What is the major difference between matter at the nanoscale and matter at larger scales such as millimeters or inches? A. At the nanoscale, metals are bendable, and at larger scales they are rigid. B. Matter has different and special characteristics at the nanoscale. C. At the nanoscale, matter has the same properties as matter at the atomic level. D. There is no difference. Which claim from the passage best describes the benefits of nanotechnology? A. Scientists can develop novel technologies and products. B. Nanotechnology is defined as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers. C. The different colors can be used in simple medical tests to indicate infection or disease. D. Unique properties of materials emerge. What is the author’s primary purpose in writing this essay? A. To explain how to utilize the nanoscale B. To review the conversion between the nanoscale and nanotechnology C. To advocate for the usage of more nanotechnology D. To describe nanotechnology and what it is Researchers have developed a recording device that essentially melts into place, snugly fitting to the brain's surface. This new technology allows for closer interaction between machines and living tissue, paving the way for more advanced implantable devices. Currently, the simplest devices for recording from the brain are needle-like electrodes that can penetrate into brain tissue. More state-of-the-art devices, called micro-electrode arrays, consist of dozens of semi-flexible wire electrodes. These are usually fixed to rigid silicon grids that don't conform to the brain's shape. An ideal recording device would conform to complex curved surfaces while placing minimal stress on the tissue. The scientists chose silk as their base material because it is flexible and durable enough to withstand manipulation. The team reported that they were able to create ultrathin flexible implants that hug the brain like shrink wrap, collapsing into its grooves and stretching over its rounded surfaces. The silk base dissolves once it makes contact with the brain, allowing the array to end up tightly hugging the brain. They found that the ultrathin arrays they created can record brain activity more faithfully than thicker implants embedded with similar electronics. Which sentence best summarizes the benefits of the new silk technology? A. The new technology allows for closer interaction between machines and living tissue, paving the way for more advanced implantable devices. B. These implants have the potential to maximize the contact between electrodes and brain tissue, while minimizing damage to the brain. C. They could provide a platform for a range of devices with applications in epilepsy, spinal cord injuries, and other neurological disorders. D. The arrays could potentially read the complex signals in the brain that direct movement, and then route those signals to healthy muscles or prosthetic devices. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the silk brain recording device? A. Durability B. Flexibility C. Different rates of dissolution D. Needle – like electrodes Neurologists and biological psychologists have witnessed a sharp increase in the knowledge and understanding of particular structures of the brain over the past two decades. As technology becomes ever more advanced, scientists are able to isolate the functions of even small regions of the human brain. One noteworthy discovery is the role of the amygdala in human fear and aggression. The amygdala, a small, almond-shaped conglomerate, is just one part of the limbic system. Located at the very center of the brain, the limbic system is the core of our 'emotional brain;' each individual structure in the limbic system is somehow connected to an aspect of human emotion. Scientists have found that electrode stimulation of the amygdala can elicit extreme and aggressive acts. Patients or experimental subjects who experience this utter rage and fearlessness have no rational foundation for their reaction. In other words, this aggression is wholly attributable to electrode stimulation. On the other hand, patients with trauma or damage to this structure exhibit a complete absence of aggression. Researchers find that no amount of poking, prodding or harassment will evoke even remotely aggressive responses from these subjects. The author suggests that persistent passivity and imperturbability may be a direct result of which of the following? A. Drug-induced stimulation of the amygdala. B. A stroke that resulted in severe tissue damage in the limbic system C. Encephalitis as a result of head trauma D. Activation of a strategically implanted electrode in a patient’s amygdala. Which statement is not listed as a detail within the passage? A. Electrode stimulation of the amygdala can elicit extreme aggressive acts. B. Scientists are able to isolate the functions of even small regions of the human brain. C. Typically, temperamental rhesus monkeys with amygdala damage are completely imperturbable. D. Subjects who experience this utter rage and fearlessness have no rational foundation for their reaction. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The human brain is as complex as it is mysterious. B. Patients with damaged amygdalas are less aggressive than individuals with healthy ones. C. Electrode stimulation is a valuable tool for researchers who study the human brain. D. Scientists have learned a lot about how the amygdala affects human emotion. The ability to see at a distance, in good light, does not diminish as a result of aging to the extent that other visual acuities do. Myopia, or nearsightedness, is more common to younger eyes, while presbyopia, or farsightedness, more commonly afflicts people as they age. The word presbyopia comes from Greek presbys, "old man," and opia, "eye," and names a condition in which, because the lens of the eye hardens slightly and loses elasticity as a person ages, one cannot as easily focus sharply on nearby objects. This condition leads to the familiar habit of lifting up one's glasses and bringing an object or reading material close to the face so that the eyes can more easily focus on it. The function of the lens is to accommodate different focal points so that sensory data can be correctly directed to the retina for interpretation into images by the brain. Corrective lenses, particularly bifocals or progressive lenses, adjust for the focal point aberration. In essence, they do the work that the eye can no longer do for itself. In the context of the passage, “accommodate” means to A. Arrange lodging for B. Contain C. Make allowances for D. Excuse The author of the passage would probably agree with which of the following statements relating corrective lenses and aging eyes? A. A dancer with a broken bone needs a cast to protect it. B. A hiker reinforces a fraying backpack strap with duct tape. C. A traveler gets a passport before going abroad. D. An athlete stretches before a game to avoid a potential injury. What was the author’s primary purpose for writing this essay? A. To define what presbyopia is B. To describe how eyes age and the function of corrective lens C. To compare and contrast nearsightedness with farsightedness D. To review the anatomy of the human eye Alfalfa thrives on land which contains lime, and gives poor results when this ingredient is deficient. The explanation is simple: there is a community of interest between the very low microscopic animal life, known as bacteria, and plant life, generally. In every ounce of soil there are millions of these living germs which have their allotted work to do, and they thrive best in soils containing lime. If one digs up a root of alfalfa (it need not be an old plant, the youngest plant will show the same peculiarity), and care is taken in exposing the root (perhaps the best method is the washing away of the surrounding earth by water), some small nodules attached to the fine, hair-like roots are easily distinguished with the naked eye. These nodules are the home of a teeming, microscopic, industrious population, who perform their allotted work with the silent, persistent energy so often displayed in nature. Which of the following is an accurate paraphrasing of the underlined phrase? A. Many people are intrigued by the relationship between bacteria and plant life. B. Bacteria and alfalfa plants have a symbiotic relationship. C. Bacteria in alfalfa is worth studying. D. The gardening community is very invested in the bacteria found in alfalfa. In the context in which it appears, “naked” most nearly means which of the following? A. Nude B. Opaque C. Unaided D. Reflective Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage? A. A 1 month – old alfalfa plant will have more bacteria than a 5 month – old plant. B. A soil without lime will not grow bacteria. C. Bacteria located inside the root nodules. D. A 3 month – old alfalfa plant will have more bacteria than a one – year old plant. The author of the passage suggests which of the following about bacteria? A. Baacteria feeds on lime. B. Bacteria is visible to the human eye. C. Bacteria is compact by nature. D. Bacteria is a plant, not an animal. The Bicycle V2 Today, bicycles are so common that it’s hard to believe they haven’t always been around. But two hundred years ago, bicycles didn’t even exist, and the first bicycle, invented in Germany in 1818, was nothing like our bicycles today. It was made of wood and didn’t even have pedals. Since then, however, numerous innovations and improvements in design have made the bicyc [Show Less]
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