General Anatomy & Physiology of a Human
- Lowest hierarchy is at the organelles within a cell
- Cells with the same functions collected into larger group
... [Show More] s -> tissues
- Tissues are collected into organs which carry out a single task
- Organs work together in organ systems that perform large-scale functions
Cell Parts
- Organelles -> cell parts that function within a cell
o Coordinate with other organelles to perform a cell’s basic functions
- Ribosomes -> carry out protein synthesis
- Golgi Apparatus -> modifies & packages proteins secreted from a cell
- Mitochondria -> convert energy present in chemical bonds of food accessible to the cell
- Nucleus -> stores & processes instructions contained in the DNA that tell the cell what its
functions are
Cells
- Smallest living unit of life
- In humans, some cells function autonomously; ex. Phagocytic white blood cells
- Cells highly specialized to perform a specific function
Organs
- Structures composed of several types of tissues & perform one or more functions
Organ Systems
- Functional units composed of several organs
- Functions include: digestion of food, circulation of nutrients, removal of wastes, &
reproduction
Vocab:
- Anatomical Position: standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together; arms to
the side; with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward
- Cells: the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created
- Cellular functions: Processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein
synthesis, and movement
- Directional Terminology: Words used to explain relationships of locations of anatomical
elements
- Organelle: a specialized part of a cell that has a specific function
- Organ: a self-contained part of an organism that performs a specific function
- Reference planes: Planes dividing the body to describe locations: sagittal, transverse, and
coronal
- Tissue: a group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a
lower level than organs
- Superior: Toward the head/upper part of a structure (bird’s-eye view, looking down)
- Inferior: Away from the head/lower part of a structure (bottom view, looking up)
- Lateral- Farther from midline
- Medial- Nearer to midline
- Superficial- Close to the surface of the body.
- Deep- Away from the surface of the body
- Proximal- Nearer to the origination of a structure.
- Distal- Farther from the origination of a structure.
- Anterior- At or near the front of the body
- Posterior- At or near the back of the body
- Prone- Patient laying on their belly, arms that the side.
- Supine- Patient laying on their back, arms that the side.
Circulatory System – Khan Academy
Jobs of the heart:
- Systemic flow (entire body)
- Pulmonary Flow (blood to & from the
lungs)
Coronary blood vessels
- Serving the heart muscle itself
- Serve the needs of cells
- Fall under the category of systemic
flow
Vein = blood going towards the heart
Artery = blood going away from the heart
Valves in the heart are there to keep blood
moving in the right direction
Pulmonary = lungs
*bicuspid valve also known as the MITRAL
valve
Pulmonary Circulation
- Relying on the right ventricle as the pump
- Deoxygenated blood
Systemic Ventricle
- Relying on the left ventricle as the pump
- Deliver all the blood to the various organs; organs then use up oxygen
Red Blood Cell
- Has no mitochondria, so it is not really using oxygen
- No nucleus
- Made for the purpose of carrying around oxygen
- Don’t really need oxygen
- Each filled with about 250 million hemoglobin proteins
o Each hemoglobin protein can bind to 4 O2 molecules (oxyhemoglobin)
Heart -> gets its oxygen from Systemic circulation (coronary vessels)
Lungs -> gets its oxygen from bronchial arteries/blood vessels stemming off in systemic
circulation
- Lots of blood mixing
- Most of the blood goes into the pulmonary veins
- Mixing of pulmonary & systemic circulation
What cells need
- Access to oxygen
- A source of glucose
- A balanced fluid environment with the right amount of water/electrolytes
- Removal of waste (such as carbon dioxide)
The heart is a DOUBLE pump (left & right ventricle)
High pressure allows the blood to circulate around the body; low pressure allows for optimal gas
exchange in the lungs without broken capillaries
Heart Sounds
- “lub dub”
- aortic & pulmonary valves are closed while the tricuspid and mitral valve are open
- valves prevent backflow of blood (they snap shut)
- When the Tricuspid & mitral valve snap shut, we call that noise -> “Lub” (First heart
sound/S1); at this time the pulmonic and Aortic valve open
- “Dub” -> second heart sounds/S2; when the pulmonic & aortic valve shut; Tricuspid &
Mitral valve just opened
- Time between “lub dub” -> systole
- Time after “lub” waiting for “dub” -> diastole
Atrioventricular valves
- Between the atrium & ventricles
- Tricuspid & Mitral valves
Layers of the Heart
- Chordae Tendineae -> hold atrioventricular valves in place, keep the valve from flipping
backwards ; connect to papillary muscles
- Papillary muscles -> muscles located within the ventricles of the heart
- Interventricular Septum
o “a wall”
o Has very thin & very thick parts
o Very thin part -> membranous
▪ A lot of babies born with holes in this -> VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect)
o Thick part – (bottom) strong muscular part
3 Layers to the
Heart Muscle
-
Endocardium
o
Most
inner
o Goes all around the valves/ventricles/atria
o Thin layer
o Layer that all the RBCs are bumping up against
o A few cell layers thick
- Myocardium
o Largest chunk of the wall
o “myo” = muscle
o where all the contractile muscle is going to be
o where a lot of the energy is being used up
o When the heart needs oxygen, it’s usually the myocardium
- Pericardium
o Two layers to it
o Gap in between the inner & outer layer
o Might have a little bit of fluid in the gap -> not cells
o Very thin
o Folds in on itself almost like a pancake
o Visceral pericardium (viscera refers to organs)
▪ Inner layer around the heart
▪ Another name -> epicardium
o Parietal pericardium
▪ Layer that is on the outside
Thermoregulation
- Arteriole will be supplying your skin with blood & oxygen via the blood
o Sends off little capillary beds into the skin
- The skin acts as insulation
- Capillaries bypass all this insulation & go right to the surface
- The heat from the blood going to these capillaries will have a much easier time of getting
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