Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics
Definition of Communication
Axley (1984) - communication is the flow of information
from one (1) person
... [Show More] to another
Deetz (1994) - viewed it as one (1) activity among many
others, such as planning, controlling, and managing.
• a complex process associated with sending, receiving,
and interpreting messages
• the art and process if creating and sharing ideas
(McPheat, 2010)
Communication Principles
A. Communication is unavoidable
- even absence has a power to imply a message
- it is important to consider the unintentional
message you send
B. Communication operates on two levels
- two (2) kinds of messages that is sent every
time people communicate:
o the content messages or the
information about the topic under
discussion
o the relational messages or signals that
indicates how a person feels about one
(1) another
- three types of relational message:
o (1) affinity, which refers to the degree
to which a communicator likes the
other person or a particular message
that is being sent;
o (2) control, or the amount of influence
in that situation;
o and lastly (3) respect for other person
C. Communication is irreversible
- our words and deeds are recorded in others’
memories
- The more you try to erase an act, the more it
stands out.
D. Communication is a process
- should not view communication as if sending
and receiving a message were an isolated event
- communication event needs to be examined as
part of its communication context
E. Communication is not a panacea
- communication is not a remedy for all ills or
difficulties
- Misunderstandings and ill feelings can increase
when people communicate badly.
Elements and Models of Communication
A. Elements
1. Sender
communication process begins
source
information that s/he wants to share with
others
has the responsibility to encode it in a form that
can be understood
2. Receiver
whom a message is directed
S/he decodes or interprets the message that
was received.
3. Message
information that the sender wants to relay to
the receiver
4. Medium
the channel
it is the means by which a message is
transmitted
5. Feedback
the response that is given after
indicates comprehension
6. Noise
the interference that affects the message
7. Context
the setting and situation in which
communication takes place
B. Models
1. Aristotle’s Model
speaker-centered model
five (5) primary elements: speaker, speech,
occasion, audience, and effect
shows communication process as one-way, from
speaker to receiver
can be used to develop public speaking skills
and create a propaganda
speaker’s words should influence in audience
mind and persuade their thoughts towards him
2. Berlo’s Model
adapted from Shannon and Weaver’s Model
(1949)
focuses on encoding and decoding which
happens before the sender sends the message
and before receiver receives the message
Each of the four (4) main components of this
model is affected by five (5) factors.
3. Lasswell’s Model
according to Harold Lasswell, a convenient way
to describe an act of communication is to
answer the following questions:
“Who?” “Says what?” “In which channel?” “To
Whom?” and “With what effect?” [Show Less]