• Cellular regulation is the process of cellular responses in order to undergo reproduction, differentiation, and proliferation
• Neoplasm also
... [Show More] referred to as a tumor, is an abnormal mass of cells. A neoplasm can be benign or malignant.
• Benign not cancerous; does not metastasize.
• Malignant invade and destroy nearby tissues and spread via metastasis.
• Metastasis spread of malignant tumor to a location distant to the primary neoplasm o Accounts for 90% of cancer related deaths
o Natural killer cells and natural killer T cells are the bodies innate defense against metastasis
• Angiogenesis—tumor creates its own blood supply
• Anaplasia—Large, variable shaped nuclei because of increased cell division activity
• Aneuploidy—abnormal # chromosomes
• A compound that reacts with DNA and somehow changes the genetic makeup of the cell is called a mutagen.
• The mutagens that predispose cells to develop tumors are called initiators • Compounds that stimulate tumor development are called promoters.
• Cancer Risk factors o Age
o Heredity
10 – 15% of cancer are inherited (breast, ovarian, colon, prostate, Wilms’s, retinoblastoma) o Environment
Pollution
• Lead Insecticide, pesticides, asbestos, Radiation
• UV, sun, Xray Work exposure
• Welders, chrome platers, leather tanners (chromium)
o Lifestyle
• Red meats
Smoking
• Cigarettes
Diet
Risky sexual behaviors
Drug use
• Myo-muscle
• Myelo—marrow
• Myel—spinal cord
***individual risk factors—smoking, poor nutrition, excess weight, sedentary lifestyle, environment, genetics****
• Cancer o Leukemia
o Breast cancer o Prostate cancer o Lung cancer o Colon cancer
o Skin cancer
• Anemia
o Sickle cell anemia
• Treatment for alteration in cellular regulation can include: o Surgery o Radiation o Chemotherapy o Hormone therapy o Stem Cell transplantation
o Complementary and Alternative therapy
• Everyone has cancer cells they just lie dormant in the body
• Women highest risk for breast cancer (non-skin cancer)
• Men highest risk for prostate cancer (non-skin)
• Second highest incidence for both is lung cancer
• Third highest incidence is colon and rectal cancer
• Benign—not cancerous, does not spread to other parts of body o grow locally; causes pressure on vital organs (obstruction, pain, seizures or overproduction of hormones
o usually painful
o usually does not require intervention (fibroids) o usually in a capsule; localized o smooth, movable when palpated o slow steady growth
• Malignant—Invade, destroy tissues and spread to other parts of body o Metastasis o Crosses the plane o Can lead to death without intervention
o More immobile when palpated
• Sentinel lymph node: the first lymph node to which cancer cells are most likely to spread from a primary tumor
• SLNB procedure: the sentinel lymph noted is identified, removed, and examined to determine whether cancer cells are present
• Malignant transformation o Initiation—1st step, change in gene expression caused by anything that can damage cellular DNA, leading to loss of cellular regulation
Stage 1
• Irreversible mutation of a gene
• Cells appear normal
• Able to carry out original functions
• Mutation does not impair cell’s ability to replicate
• Oncogene: promotes or allows uncontrolled growth of cancer is turned on
• Tumor suppressor gene: blocks or suppresses development of cancer being turned off
o Promotion—Enhanced growth of an initiated cell by substances known as promotors, this is when it becomes a tumor
Stage 2
• Latency period (many factors influence length)
• stimulates the growth and division of cellular proliferation
• Reversible event
o Progression—1cm tumor has billion of cells and contains its own blood supply
Stage 3
• Transformed cancer of malignant tumor
• Morphological change
• Growing in size and malignancy
• Primary malignant tumor is formed
• Become aplastic
• Less differentiated
• Own blood supply
o Metastasis—Occurs when cancer cells move from primary location to other remote colonies
Stage 4
• Spread of the malignant tumor to other locations [Show Less]