ANTIBIOTICS
1) Cephalosporins Action:
cephalexin (Keflex) 1st generation broad-spectrum
active against gram(+) bacteria, poor distribution to CSF each
... [Show More] generation has increasing bactericidal activity to break down
cefuroxime (Ceftin) 2nd generation gram(-) bacteria and anaerobes, and to reach the cerebrospinal fluid
active against gram(+) and gram(-) bacteria, poor distribution to CSF strength increases with generation
ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 3rd generation cephalosporins interfere/inhibit bacterial wall synthesis
active against gram(-) bacteria, crosses into CSF the cell weakens, swells, bursts + dies from inc osmotic pressure inside the cell
cefepime (Maxipime) 4th generation inc cephalosporin resistance is caused by production of beta-lactamases
active against gram(+) and gram(-) bacteria, crosses into CSF
2) Tetracycline Action:
tigecycline (Tygacil) broad-spectrum
bacteriostatic abx that suppresses bacterial growth by inhbiting protein synthesis
routes: IM, IV, PO inhibits growth of gram(-) and gram(+) bacteria
3) Metronidazole (Flagyl) Action:
"Metallic bitter taste" interacts with anaerobic pathogens' + protozoa's DNA to cause strand
breakage + loss of helical structure
class: antibacterial the impairment of the DNA is responsible for the antimicrobial + mutagenic
actions of the medication
4) Isoniazid (INH) Action:
bacteriostatic to "resting organisms"
class: antimycobacterial, antituberculosis agent bactericidal to actively dividing organisms
routes: IM, PO interferes with biosynthesis of bacterial protein, nucleic acid + lipids
5) Aminoglycosides Action:
amikacin (Amikin) narrow-spectrum abx effective against aerobic gram(-) bacteria
gentamicin disrupts cell syntheis of protein
kanamycin used for serious infections
tobramycin
routes: IV or topical, (poorly absorbed orally)
6) Aminoglycoside Toxicity ethacrynic acid (Edecrin) increases ototoxicity
ethacrynic acid (Edecrin) is a diuretic, which is used to treat fluid retention (edema)
7) Fluoroquinolones Action:
ciprofloxacin (Cipro) bactericidal
ofloxacin (Floxin) broad-spectrum against gram(-) / gram(+) bacteria, but not against anaerobic infections
moxifloxacin (Avelox) inhibits growth of gram(-) and gram(+) bacteria
inhibits DNA enzyme that interferes with replication
class: antibacterial
"TWO QTs SAY NO TO OBs" abx contraindicated in pregnancy: MCAT
Quinolones + Tetracyclines are Metronidazole
CONTRAINDICATED during pregnancy Chloramphenicol
Aminoglycoside
Tetracycline
8) Penicillin (PCN) Action:
narrow spectrum that are penicillinase sensitive bactericidal
penicillin G (Bicillin), penicillin V disrupts + weakens cell wall, leading to cell lysis + death
penicillinase-resistant (antistaphylococcal penicillins)
nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin
broad-spectrum (aminopenicillins)
ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin)
extended-spectrum penicillins (antipseudomonal penicillins)
ticarcillin (Ticar), ticarcillin/clavulanate (Timentin), piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn)
9) Macrolides Action:
"ACE" binds with ribosomal receptor sites in susceptible organisms to inhibit
Azithromycin bacterial protein synthesis
Clarithromycin
Erythromycin
routes: IV, PO
10) Vancomycin Action:
ANTIRETROVIRALS Action:
NRTI (nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors) NRTI
zidovudine (Retrovir) terminates/inhibits HIV replication
NNRTI (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) NNRTI
efavirenz (Sustiva) blocks/disrupts enzyme activity
PI (protease inhibitor) PI
lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra) prevents/inhibits maturation of HIV
CCR5 antagonist (chemokine receptor 5 antagonist) CCR5 antagonist
maraviroc (Selzentry) blocks viral entry
HIV-fusion inhibitor HIV-fusion inhibitor
enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) blocks viral entry + replication into CD4-T cells
Anticoagulants + Hematinics
1) Heparin Action:
anticoagulants exert a direct effect on blood coagulation by enhancing the inhibitory
routes: IV, subQ actions of antithrombin on several factors essential to normal blood clotting, thereby
apply firm pressure for 1-2 minutes blocking the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin + fibrinogen to fibrin
do not massage heparin prevents fibrin from forming a clot
heparin helps prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVTs) + pulmonary emboli
heparin does not break up a clot, it just keeps it from coming together
2) Enoxaparin (Lovenox) Action:
low-molecular-weight heparin
route: subQ has great affinity for factor Xa in providing anticoagulation action
provides a predictable anticoagulant response
3) Warfarin Sodium (Coumadin) Action:
warfarin (Coumdin) is an anticoagulant that antagonizes vitamin K
vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of clotting factors VII, IX, X + prothrombin
as a result, it disrupts the coagulation cascade
4) Epoetin Alfa (Procrit) Action:
Epoetin (Procrit) is synthetic erythropoietin, which increases RBC production
routes: IV, subQ Epoetin (Procrit) helps the kidneys stimulate bones for their blood production
5) Iron Supplements Action:
(Oral Ferrous Iron Salts) hematinic agent used in the production of normal hGb + RBCs for
used for the tx + prevention of iron deficiency anemia transportation + utilization of oxygen
ferrous sulfate (Feosol)
ferrous gluconate (Fergon)
6) Thrombolytics Action:
"clot busters" unclogs veins and arteries
"ART" converts plasminogen to plasmin, an ezyme that acts to digest the fibrin matrix of clots
Activase (Alteplase) (tPA: tissue plasminogen activator) dissolves existing thrombi rather than prevent them from occurring
Reteplase
Tenecteplase
routes: IV, infusion pump
7) Clopidogrel (Plavix) Action:
"when platelets gather together, use Plavix for crowd control" suppresses platelet aggregation in arterial circulation
antiplatelet action occurs within 2 hours of administration
class: antiplatelet
8) Argatroban Action:
directly inhibits the action of thrombin in the clotting mechanism
class: anticoagulant protects the pt + platelets from heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
route: IV
Anticoagulants for ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Action:
9) Dabigatran (Pradaxa) prevents clots from forming when the heart is in a-fib
direct thrombin inhibitor
dabigatran (Pradaxa)
10) Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) directly inhibits thrombin formation
direct factor Xa inhibitor prevents conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
prevents activation of factor XIII
class: anticoagulants prevents the conversion of soluble fibrin into insoluble fibrin
route: PO
rivaroxaban (Xarelto)
inhibits production of thrombin by binding directly with factor Xa
CARDIAC
1) ANTIHYPERTENSIVES Action:
antihypertensive drugs act on the
Ace Inhibitors (end in -pril) vascular, cardiac, renal + sympathetic nervous systems
blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor antihypertensive drugs act to
this block causes vasodilation + dec PVR, resulting in dec BP lower BP, cardiac output + peripheral vascular resistance
aldosterone is also blocked, causing a dec in sodium + water rentention
Beta-Blockers (end in -lol) blood pressure is regulated by cardiac output + peripheral vascular resistance
blocks the beta-1 receptors in the heart medications that influence either one of these systems lead to BP control
this results in a dec in heart rate + dec force of contraction antihypertensive drugs that influence thse systems to lower BP are
ACE inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme)
Calcium Channel Blockers Beta-Blockers (beta-adrenergic blockers)
blocks calcium influx into beta-receptors, dec the force of myocardial contration, Calcium Channel Blockers
reduces HR + dec PVR
amlodipine (Norvasc)
nifedipine (Procardia)
verapamil (Calan Isoptin)
diltiazem (Cardizem)
2) Ace Inhibitors Action:
suppresses formation of angiotensin II from the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
reduces peripheral vascular resistance
improves cardiac output
9) Beta Blockers Action:
block sympathetic nervous catecholamines, resulting in reduced renin + aldosterone
release + fluid balance
vasodilation of arterioles leads to a dec in pulm vascular resistance + BP [Show Less]