Pharmacologic Concepts:
• Synergestic effects vs. Agonistic vs. Antagonistic effects
o Synergestic effects
Drug interactions in which the effect
... [Show More] of a combination of two or more drugs with similar action is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drug given alone
o Agonistic
A drug that binds to and stimulated the activity of one or more receptors in the body
When dealing with pain this type of medication binds to the receptor in the brain and causes the reduction of pain sensation
These are known as adrenergic agonist drugs that stimulate the SNS
Partial agonists ( agonist- antagonists):
• Substance that bind to a receptor and cause a partial response that is not as strong as that caused by an agonist is a partial reaction
o Antagonistic effects
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drug given alone it is usually caused by an antagonizing blocking or reducing effect of one drug or another
Competitive antagonist: drug competes with the agonist for binding to the receptor if it binds there is no response
Noncompetative antagonist: drug combines with different parts of the receptor and inactivates it agonist then has no effect.
• Tolerance vs. Addiction
o Tolerance
Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use
Is a general term for a state of adaptation in which repetitive exposure to a given drug, over time, induces changes in drug receptors that reduce one or more of the drug’s effects same as physical dependence.
Physical dependence:
• A state of adaptation that is manifested by a drug class specific withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level of the drug, and / or administration of an antagonist. The physical adaptation of the body to the presence of an opioid or other addictive substance
o Addiction
A primary chronic neurobiologic disease whose development is influenced by genetic psychosocial and environmental factors same as psychologic dependence.
Psychologic dependence
• A pattern of compulsive use of opioids or any other addictive substance characterized by a continuous craving for the substance and the need to use it for effects other than pain relief also called addiction
• Anaphylaxis vs. Adverse effects vs. Side effects
o Anaphylaxis
Is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death. It typically results in a number of symptoms including an itchy rash, throat swelling, and low blood pressure. Common causes include insect bites/stings, foods, and medications.
o Adverse effect
A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs
o Side effects
An effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is secondary to the one intended; although the term is predominantly employed to describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequences of the use of a drug.
CNS drugs
Opioids/Pain Management:
Oxycodone (Percocet)
• Analgesic drug, Morphine like drug
• Opioid synthetic
• Combined with acetaminophen and is a Schedule II
• Used to relief of moderate to severe pain, often used to control postoperative and other pain,
• PO 10-160 mg
• Can cause constipation
• Contraindication
o Respiratory insufficiency especially when respiratory equipment is not available
o Increased intracranial pressure
o ASTHMA AND ADDICTION
o Morbid obesity
o Sleep apnea
o Myasthenia gravis
o Paralytic ileus
o Pregnancy
• Adverse effects
o Susprasinal analgesia
o RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION. Notify if less than 10
o Euphoria
o Sedation
o Constipation
o Itching, rashes and pruritus ( due to histamine release)
o Urinary [Show Less]