MARK KLIMEK Review NCLEX Solved
1. Acid-base balance/ventilators
Rule of the B’s.. If the pH & the bicarb are both in the same direction = metabolic
... [Show More] If they are in different directions = respiratory
pH = 7.35-7.45 acidosis/alkalosis HCO3 (bicarb) = 22-26 (2+2+2 = 6)
CO2 = 45-35
ex: pH: 7.30 = ↓
bicarb: 20 = ↓ = metabolic acidosis
ex: pH: 7.58 =↑
bicarb: 32 = ↑ = metabolic alkalosis
ex: pH: 7.22 =↓
bicarb: 30 =↑ = respiratory acidosis
ex: You are providing care to a client with the following blood gas results: pH 7.32, CO2 49, HCO3 29, PO2 80 & SaO2 90%. Based on the results, the client is experiencing: ↓ = acidosis, ↑ = respiratory
-opioid: CNS depressant.. know the symptoms (sedation, respiratory depression, etc)..
*principle: acid base signs/symptoms..
as the pH goes... so goes my patient!!! -when pH goes up; patient goes up.. (everything gets irritable!) -when pH goes down; patient goes down! (systems in your body shut down) ...except with potassium: when pH goes up; potassium goes down... when pH goes down; potassium goes up!
(up) alkalosis: irritibility, hyper-reflexia (3 & 4), tachypnea, tachycardia, borborygmi (increased bowel sounds), seizure, aspirate..
(down) acidosis: hypo-reflexia, bradycardia, lethergy (obtunded), paralytic ileus (decreased bowel sounds), coma, respiratory arrest (ambu-bag!!)
Kussmaul breathing is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also kidney failure... MAC Kussmaul!! M: metabolic AC: acidosis
ex: pT has respiratory acidosis... (select all that apply).. +1 reflexes diarhhea adynamic ileus spasm urinary retention tachycardia 2nd degree mobits type 2 heart block hypokalemia
SATA questions: *never only 1... never all of them*
diarhhea will cause a metabolic acidosis.. but once you get acidodic, it will shut your bowels down = paralytic ileus
...with scenarios.. always ask first “is it lung?” = respiratory ...then ask if the pt is over-ventilating or under-ventilating? over-ventilating = alkalosis under- ventilating = acidosis ...it’s about the SaO2!!! (pay attention!!)
if it isn’t lung = metabolic..
if pt has prolonged gastric vomiting or suctioning... it’s always metabolic alkalosis... why? losing acid = becomes basic..
for everything else that is not lung - choose metabolic acidosis..
-if you don’t know the answer... always answer metabolic acidosis.. ventilators
alarms.. high pressure alarm... triggered by increasure resistance to air flow.. (machine is pushing too hard to get air into the lungs).. respiratory alkalosis
3 obstructions: kink in tubing (get kink out), water condensing within the tube (empty tube), mucus secretions in the airway (turn, cough, deep breathe... then suction).. suction as needed!! *in that order*...
low pressure alarm.. decreased resistance (too easy for the machine..) respiratory acidosis
Low pressure alarms are triggered by decreased resistance to airflow & can be caused by disconnections of the main tubing or oxygen sensor tubing... Tubing (reconnect it!) - oxygen sensor tube (reconnect it UNLESS tube is on t the floor - bag them & call Respiratory therapist if this happens)
Respiratory alkalosis = ventilator setting may be too high. Respiratory acidosis = ventilator setting may be too low.
What does “wean” mean? gradually decrease with the goal of getting off altogether
ex: Doc says wean off vent in AM... 6am ABG’s show resp. acidosis... a) follow order b) call respiratory c) hold order.. call doc d) begin to decrease the settings
MASLOW’s Priorities (HIGHest - LOWest) physiological safety comfort psychological (problems within the person) social (problems with other people) spiritual
ex: Arrange from HIGHest - LOWest... denial, spiritual distress, pain in elbow, fall risk, pathological family dynamics & electrolyte imbalance... = electrolyte imbalance (psyiological), fall risk (safety), pain in elbow (comfort), denial (psychological), pathological family dynamics (social) & spiritual distress (spiritual) [Show Less]