Chapter 09: Kinship, Family, and Marriage MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The most effective strategy humans have developed to form stable, reliable, separate, and deep
... [Show More] ly connected groups that can last over time and through generations is kinship, creating a system of both a. stability and meaning. c. lineage and stability. b. meaning and power. d. power and lineage. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Introduction to Kinship, Family, and Marriage OBJ: Define kinship and describe some of its primary functions in a human group. MSC: Understanding 2. Which of the following terms is defined as the system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities? a. family c. descent b. heredity d. kinship ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Introduction to Kinship, Family, and Marriage OBJ: Define kinship and describe some of its primary functions in a human group. MSC: Remembering 3. One of the characteristics of kinship that makes it so enduring for humans is the deep connection it brings, something that endures a. forever. b. over generations. c. as long as the parents are married. d. as long as the social and political settings remain unchanged. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Introduction to Kinship, Family, and Marriage OBJ: Define kinship and describe some of its primary functions in a human group. MSC: Understanding 4. Families and kinship networks have the power to provide support and to nurture, as well as to a. encourage marriage. b. facilitate sharing of economic resources. c. ensure reproduction of the next generation. d. ensure stability in the political system. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Introduction to Kinship, Family, and Marriage OBJ: Define kinship and describe some of its primary functions in a human group. MSC: Understanding 5. The concept of kinship groups based chiefly on biological assumptions and the nuclear family consisting of solely a mother, a father, and their children is a. a nearly universal, cross-cultural understanding of kinship. b. a Euro-American ideal. c. a stable model that matches the lived experience of most Americans. d. proven to be the best structure for society. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Introduction to Kinship, Family, and Marriage OBJ: Determine the diverse basis on which kinship groups are formed across cultures. MSC: Remembering contact: [email protected] 6. Within a family structure, we learn how to treat our kin, how to behave in larger groups, and how to accept differences in age. This enculturation process also gives us tools to understand a. gender and sexuality. c. politics and family relations. b. lineage and descent. d. birth and death. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Introduction to Kinship, Family, and Marriage OBJ: Identify the process through which humans learn basic patterns of human behavior from their families. MSC: Understanding 7. Enculturation that takes place within a family shapes individuals’ lives a. outside of the household, including ways they think about gender roles, the division of labor, religious practices, warfare, politics, migration, and nationalism. b. outside of the household, including ways they think about gender roles, the division of labor, and religious practices, but not warfare, politics, migration, and nationalism. c. outside of the household, including ways they think about warfare, politics, migration, and nationalism, but not gender roles, the division of labor, and religious practices. d. until they reach adulthood and start their own families, at which point the enculturation of their youth ceases to shape the way they think about gender roles, the division of labor, religious practices, warfare, politics, migration, and nationalism. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Introduction to Kinship, Family, and Marriage OBJ: Identify the process through which humans learn basic patterns of human behavior from their families. MSC: Remembering 8. One way in which humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogical a. ascent. c. family. b. kinship. d. descent. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Define descent and describe its relationship to kinship patterns. MSC: Remembering 9. Early anthropologists assumed descent groups would be key to understanding each culture’s economic, political, and religious dynamics in large part because a. their own experience in fieldwork had already established this as true. b. the narratives of travelers from other parts of the world reflected this idea. c. their own experience as Europeans was the opposite and that this must therefore be true. d. their inability to speak local languages resulted in confusion about relationships. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Define descent and describe its relationship to kinship patterns. MSC: Analyzing 10. Anthropologists in the early twentieth century believed that kinship structures would yield crucial data and patterns that facilitated the ________ cultures. a. comparison of different b. differentiation of different c. analysis of their own home d. creation of universal kinship specifications for all ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Define descent and describe its relationship to kinship patterns. MSC: Applying 11. Individuals in descent groups whose primary relationships are determined in the United States as consanguineal are based on a. size. c. paternity. b. blood. d. maternity. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Identify and distinguish between the various types of relatives found in human descent groups. MSC: Understanding 12. The two types of descent groups distinguished by anthropologists are clans and a. lineages. c. heredities. b. descents. d. cognatics. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Describe and differentiate between the two primary types of human descent groups known as clans and lineages. MSC: Remembering 13. The text features a photograph of a prominent U.S. family, the Kennedys. We often refer to a family group here as a clan, for example, the “Kennedy clan,” and not a lineage, for example, the “Kennedy lineage.” This is consistent with an anthropological definition of clan because a clan has ________ deep genealogical documentation. a. no founding ancestor but does have b. both a founding ancestor and c. a founding ancestor but does not have d. no founding ancestor and does not have ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Describe and differentiate between the two primary types of human descent groups known as clans and lineages. MSC: Applying 14. A type of descent group that is based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lacks genealogical documentation is a a. relation. c. clan. b. marriage. d. lineage. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Describe and differentiate between the two primary types of human descent groups known as clans and lineages. MSC: Remembering 15. In a matrilineal descent group, continued membership in the same family group across generations passes through the a. father. c. uncle. b. mother. d. aunt. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Define and detail the various patterns or ways in which individuals’ genealogy or family line may be traced. MSC: Understanding 16. A patrilineal descent group traces kinships through which side of the family? a. mother’s c. grandparent’s b. sibling’s d. father’s ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Define and detail the various patterns or ways in which individuals’ genealogy or family line may be traced. MSC: Remembering 17. Both matrilineal and patrilineal patterns of descent build kinship groups through either one genealogical line (the mother’s side) or the other (the father’s side), which reflects a. ambilineality. c. consanguinity. b. unilineality. d. patrilineality. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Define and detail the various patterns or ways in which individuals’ genealogy or family line may be traced. MSC: Remembering 18. Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the mother and the father? a. ambilineal c. polylineal b. unilineal d. bilineal ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Define and detail the various patterns or ways in which individuals’ genealogy or family line may be traced. MSC: Remembering 19. Ambilineal descent groups such as Samoans, Maori, and Hawaiians are sometimes referred to as ________ descent groups. a. unilineal c. cognatic b. polylineal d. monolineal ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Define and detail the various patterns or ways in which individuals’ genealogy or family line may be traced. MSC: Remembering 20. Worldwide, the most prevalent strategy in use today to track kin group membership is through a. blood ties. c. genealogy. b. ancestral connection. d. patrilineality. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Define and detail the various patterns or ways in which individuals’ genealogy or family line may be traced. MSC: Understanding 21. Many different kinship structures send a son away (or search outside their immediate kin groups) for a marriage partner. This reflects the rule of a. endogamy. c. polygamy. b. monogamy. d. exogamy. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Differentiate between exogamous and endogamous forms of marriage and describe how these forms of marriage relate to descent groups. MSC: Understanding 22. The U.S. practice of marriage to an individual outside of a particular group of people, either by force of law or by power of tradition, is known as a. kindred exogamy. c. kindred endogamy. b. kindred paternity. d. plural marriage. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Differentiate between exogamous and endogamous forms of marriage and describe how these forms of marriage relate to descent groups. MSC: Understanding 23. Members of the upper class in the United States may, quite inadvertently, be practicing ________ because how they manage the lives of their children in schooling practices results in a kind of arranged marriage. a. white privilege c. endogamy b. exogamy d. polygamy ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Differentiate between exogamous and endogamous forms of marriage and describe how these forms of marriage relate to descent groups. MSC: Understanding 24. Early anthropologists identified ________ primary systems used to classify relatives in the parental generation, including the bifurcate merging system. a. two c. nine b. five d. four ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Identify and describe the primary systems used to classify relatives in the parental generation. MSC: Remembering 25. By collecting kinship data from cultures worldwide, early anthropologists found that there ________ of organizing relatives. a. were more than seventeen different ways b. were only six different ways c. is only one way d. is no consistent way ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Identify and describe the primary systems used to classify relatives in the parental generation. MSC: Remembering 26. Globalization is currently placing stress on kinship systems worldwide, and one of the major reasons this is happening is the result of increasing economic stress, which in turn leads to a. democratization. c. migration. b. stratification. d. poverty. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Analyze the ways in which globalization is affecting kinship patterns in the world today and how it may influence kinship patterns in the future. MSC: Understanding 27. The common result of human bonding such as marriage results in the continuation of the preexisting kinship group. This can continue for a long time and result in a descent group. However, humans also create new descent groups through the creation of ________ relationships. a. marital c. exogamous b. extramarital d. affinal ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Explain the relationship between marriage and affinal relationships within kinship systems. MSC: Understanding 28. Building kinship ties between two people who are NOT typically immediate biological kin is defined by a. blood. c. lineage. b. marriage. d. descent. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Explain the relationship between marriage and affinal relationships within kinship systems. MSC: Understanding 29. New kinship groups created through affinal relationships are a. linked through affinity and alliance, not through shared biology or common descent. b. traced through consanguine or blood relatives. c. distinguished by relation to a founding ancestor. d. distinguished by extensive ancestral documentation. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Explain the relationship between marriage and affinal relationships within kinship systems. MSC: Remembering 30. Legally recognized marriage may confer physical and emotional intimacy, sexual pleasure, reproduction and raising of children, mutual support and companionship, and a. the ability to visit relations in a hospital. b. shared legal rights to property and inheritance. c. a means to decide how to divide an inheritance among children. d. a legal way to establish descent that cannot be changed. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Describe the primary functions of marriage and distinguish between the various types of marriage that occur across cultures. MSC: Remembering 31. Something similar to marriage exists in every known culture, which has led anthropologists to conclude that there ________ of marriage. a. are clear universal characteristics b. are no universal characteristics c. are a fixed number of different types d. is no need to change the definition ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Describe the primary functions of marriage and distinguish between the various types of marriage that occur across cultures. MSC: Understanding 32. Marriage is often seen as a way to build an alliance and create both relationships and obligations between different groups. Sometimes this is simply the result of a marriage, but in many cases, worldwide, this is accomplished through ________ marriage. a. arranged c. companionate b. exogamous d. endogamous ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Describe the primary functions of marriage and distinguish between the various types of marriage that occur across cultures. MSC: Understanding 33. A marriage accomplished through alliance, arranged by relatives, is often very successful as a relationship between two people despite there seeming to be an absence of a. dowry. c. enmity. b. affection. d. love. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Describe the primary functions of marriage and distinguish between the various types of marriage that occur across cultures. MSC: Understanding 34. Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the marital union of one man to two or more women? a. polyandry c. polyamory b. monogamy d. polygyny ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Describe the primary functions of marriage and distinguish between the various types of marriage that occur across cultures. MSC: Remembering 35. Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the marital union of one woman to two or more men? a. polyandry c. polyamory b. monogamy d. polygyny ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Describe the primary functions of marriage and distinguish between the various types of marriage that occur across cultures. MSC: Remembering 36. In some parts of the world, one individual marries a single other individual and upon dissolution of the marriage is free to remarry. This is considered a form of a. polyandry. c. arranged marriage. b. monogamy. d. polygyny. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Describe the primary functions of marriage and distinguish between the various types of marriage that occur across cultures. MSC: Remembering 37. The process by which an individual, whose marriage has ended due to divorce or death, remarries another individual is commonly called a. bigamy. c. serial monogamy. b. lineal polygamy. d. serial monotony. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Describe the primary functions of marriage and distinguish between the various types of marriage that occur across cultures. MSC: Remembering 38. All cultures have a form of rule that forbids sexual relations with close relatives, ostensibly to a. prevent birth defects. b. reduce the prevalence of genetic defects. c. force property redistribution through close inheritance. d. prevent incest. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Define incest taboo and explain its function within kinship systems. MSC: Understanding 39. The incest taboo universally prohibits sexual relations between a. cousins, regardless of cross- or parallel-cousin relationships. b. first and second cousins. c. parents and children and siblings. d. half siblings and parallel cousins. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Define incest taboo and explain its function within kinship systems. MSC: Remembering 40. The incest taboo—rules that forbid sexual relations with close relatives such as siblings and parents— is a. universal across all cultures in the world. b. very rare in world cultures. c. a direct response to concerns about biological degeneration and abnormality. d. not regulated by law in Western countries. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Define incest taboo and explain its function within kinship systems. MSC: Remembering 41. First-cousin marriages (between the children of two siblings) are legally prohibited a. in all fifty states in the United States of America. b. in some states in the United States of America. c. in no state in the United States of America. d. universally. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Define incest taboo and explain its function within kinship systems. MSC: Remembering 42. The origins of the incest taboo are unclear, even after decades of careful study. One theory holds that the taboo exists as a result of the fear of biological degeneration and the possible effects of inbreeding. One of the arguments against this theory is that a. data from careful population sampling clearly shows this does not happen. b. the human genome project has shown that reproduction in affinal groups does not result in genetic damage. c. both genetics and population science emerged long after the incest taboo. d. early researchers of the incest taboo did not fully investigate the phenomenon in fieldwork. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Define incest taboo and explain its function within kinship systems. MSC: Applying 43. Cousins who are children of a father’s brother or a mother’s sister are considered which type of cousin? a. second cousins c. cross-cousins b. affinal cousins d. parallel cousins ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Identify and describe the various types of cousins that exist within kinship patterns across cultures. MSC: Remembering 44. The same white-wedding industry considered in the text has helped perpetuate a tradition in the United States that says the bride’s family picks up the entire tab for the big wedding. This can be understood in anthropological terms as a form of a. bridewealth. c. reciprocity. b. gift exchange. d. dowry. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Detail two primary forms of gift exchange that occur around the world to formalize and legalize marriages. MSC: Understanding 45. You attend a friend’s wedding. At one point, the father of the groom hands a set of new car keys to the bride. This is a form of a. gift exchange. c. reciprocity. b. bridewealth. d. dowry. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Detail two primary forms of gift exchange that occur around the world to formalize and legalize marriages. MSC: Understanding 46. Which of the following is the practice of formalizing and legalizing a marriage through the exchange of gifts from the bride’s family to the groom’s family? a. gift exchange c. reciprocity b. bridewealth d. dowry ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Detail two primary forms of gift exchange that occur around the world to formalize and legalize marriages. MSC: Remembering 47. Bridewealth is still prevalent in many African societies and frequently means that the groom’s family gives cattle (and sometimes other goods) to the family of the bride-to-be. Part of the desired effect in such an act is to help a. stabilize the marriage through establishment of mutual, vested interest. b. create a sense of obligation on the part of the groom’s family. c. ensure the newlyweds’ financial success. d. force the bride to be a good homemaker. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Detail two primary forms of gift exchange that occur around the world to formalize and legalize marriages. MSC: Applying 48. Many of us make a regular pilgrimage home for the Thanksgiving dinner and are surrounded by members of our immediate families. Our families exist not as a result of the meal, but by marriage. On the Malaysian island of Langkawi, the same act of gathering together to share a meal cooked at home actually helps create the family. This is a type of a. marital alliance formation. c. gift exchange. b. kinship. d. biological inventiveness. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Are Biology and Marriage the Only Basis for Kinship? OBJ: Describe the relationship between biological connections and kinship systems and identify other nonbiological connections that are used to form kinship. MSC: Understanding 49. Nation-states draw heavily on ideas of ________ in order to create a sense of connection among very different people found within their national borders. a. nationalism and kinship c. hegemony and kinship b. kinship and family d. nationalism and hegemony ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Are Biology and Marriage the Only Basis for Kinship? OBJ: Examine the ways in which nation-states use notions of kinship to establish a sense of connection among diverse groups of people found within their borders. MSC: Remembering 50. Similar to membership in a family, birth, as well as biology, is a key part of a. being a citizen in a nation-state. b. being recognized as a member of your family. c. being able to obtain immigrant status. d. sufficient opportunities for marriage in a foreign country. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Are Biology and Marriage the Only Basis for Kinship? OBJ: Examine the ways in which nation-states use notions of kinship to establish a sense of connection among diverse groups of people found within their borders. MSC: Understanding 51. Susan Kahn found that Jewish women in Israel are deeply compelled to reproduce both the family and the nation. With the advent of reproductive technologies, this is made quite easy, and one might conclude that it is a matter of giving birth and raising the child. But this raises many very difficult questions. Many of the difficult questions hinge upon the kin system there, which is a. bilateral. c. ambilineal. b. patrilineal. d. matrilineal. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: How Is Kinship Changing in the United States? OBJ: Identify the various forms of reproductive technologies that currently exist and analyze how reproductive technologies may be affecting notions of family and kinship today. MSC: Understanding 52. Which type of assisted reproductive technology involves the implantation of a woman’s egg that has been fertilized in a laboratory? a. surrogate fertilization c. artificial insemination b. in vitro fertilization d. reproductive fertilization ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: How Is Kinship Changing in the United States? OBJ: Identify the various forms of reproductive technologies that currently exist and analyze how reproductive technologies may be affecting notions of family and kinship today. MSC: Remembering 53. The Chinese have a strong preference for a male child, and one consequence of DNA testing for the sex of the fetus is the complication of decisions around pregnancy. This is due to the development of a. reproductive technologies. b. the “one child” policy. c. government monitoring policies. d. widespread access to online information. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Is Kinship Changing in the United States? OBJ: Identify the various forms of reproductive technologies that currently exist and analyze how reproductive technologies may be affecting notions of family and kinship today. MSC: Understanding 54. One of the major shifts in marriage patterns, both in the United States and in many other countries, is the ability of same-sex partners to marry. Those who do so and also choose to have children will undoubtedly gain from a. better legal protections. b. improved health care. c. reproductive technologies. d. expansion of the white-wedding industry. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: How Is Kinship Changing in the United States? OBJ: Identify the various forms of reproductive technologies that currently exist and analyze how reproductive technologies may be affecting notions of family and kinship today. MSC: Applying 55. The Defense of Marriage Act passed by the U.S. Congress in 2004 forbids the federal government from recognizing which of the following? a. marriages between immigrants and natural citizens b. marriages of divorced adults c. same-sex marriages d. marriages of persons under age twenty-one ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: How Is Kinship Changing in the United States? OBJ: Describe same-sex marriage and identify some of the political implications regarding the recognition of same-sex marriages in the United States. MSC: Remembering 56. Opponents of same-sex marriage argue that allowing it will mean a(n) a. overall increase in taxes. b. breakdown of family and social order. c. breakdown of legal codes protecting heterosexual couples. d. dramatic increase in orphaned children. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: How Is Kinship Changing in the United States? OBJ: Explore the relationship between same-sex marriages and changing kinship patterns nationally and abroad. MSC: Remembering 57. The statement issued in 2004 by the American Anthropological Association noted that a “vast array of family types” all contributed to “stable and humane societies.” The statement was issued to offer support for a. heterosexual marriage. b. same-sex marriage. c. expanded research into the nature of families. d. increased economic support for families in poverty. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: How Is Kinship Changing in the United States? OBJ: Examine the diverse and dynamic nature of marriage over time both locally and globally. MSC: Remembering 58. According to the text, there has been a decline overall in the number of marriages in the United States since 1970 (see Figure 9.2, U.S. Households by Type, 1970–2010). This has resulted in a. changes to household structure and kinship networks. b. the way in which weddings are marketed and paid. c. an increase in the numbers of nuclear family types. d. a dramatic decline in the number of adoptions. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Is Kinship Changing in the United States? OBJ: Examine the diverse and dynamic nature of marriage over time both locally and globally. MSC: Analyzing 59. Changing patterns over time clearly demonstrate that marriage, family, and kinship are a. similar now to those of long ago. c. the result of cultural biases. b. cultural constructs. d. in need of increased study. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: How Is Kinship Changing in the United States? OBJ: Determine how changing patterns of marriage, family, and kinship over time reflect the constructed nature of these facets of human group organization. MSC: Understanding 60. While many of us are born into a family, others are marginalized or stigmatized in ways that create deep, lasting alienation between birth family members. One result of this is that we seek out others to become a. our chosen family. b. members of our economic support network. c. best friends. d. surrogates for our place in a birth family. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Is Kinship Changing in the United States? OBJ: Explore the relationship between same-sex marriages and changing kinship patterns nationally and abroad. MSC: Understanding ESSAY 1. Anthropologists argue that kinship is one of several ways in which individuals form groups. Name three other ways in which humans form groups and provide some concrete examples of each. Does kinship influence how these other groups are formed? Why or why not? ANS: Students should include examples of work, religion, education, and politics as other ways in which humans form groups. They should also discuss how kinship either does or does not influence how these other groups are formed. For example, they may mention that the religion of an individual’s family of orientation affects who he or she associates with in religious activities, practices, or events. Students need to provide a concrete reason why or why not kinship influences other types of human group formation. DIF: Moderate REF: Introduction to Kinship, Family, and Marriage OBJ: Determine the diverse basis on which kinship groups are formed across cultures. MSC: Analyzing 2. Anthropologist E. E. Evans-Pritchard conducted ethnographic research with Nuer people of southern Sudan in the 1930s and argued that this group of people constituted a patrilineal descent group. What does it mean to be a patrilineal descent group and how does this differ from a matrilineal descent group? How were cattle used to reflect the patrilineal nature of Nuer descent? Provide at least two examples. ANS: Students should provide a sufficient definition of patrilineal descent and effectively contrast it with matrilineal descent. They must also mention that cattle were the center of Nuer economic life and that they were typically owned by men yet milked by women and young boys. Students should also note that a successful Nuer marriage proposal commonly required the groom to provide cattle to the bride’s family as bridewealth in exchange for the bride. DIF: Difficult REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Define and detail the various patterns or ways in which individuals’ genealogy or family line may be traced. MSC: Analyzing 3. Marriage in various forms occurs all over the world. In the United States, we typically practice kindred exogamy. What is kindred exogamy and what are two examples of marriages that would violate its rules? How does exogamy generally differ from endogamy? Is endogamy officially or unofficially practiced in the United States? What are two examples of unofficial or implicit endogamy that may occur in a group of people? What are some benefits and drawbacks of exogamy and endogamy? ANS: Students should describe kindred exogamy as the practice of marrying outside of one’s kin group. Marriage to a kin member such as a cousin, second cousin, step sibling, or step aunt could be examples that violate kindred exogamy. Students should demonstrate a clear distinction between exogamy and endogamy and should discuss unofficial forms of endogamy in the United States such as marrying within one’s social class group or one’s small home community. They should conclude with concrete examples of benefits and drawbacks of both exogamy and endogamy. DIF: Difficult REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Differentiate between exogamous and endogamous forms of marriage and describe how these forms of marriage relate to descent groups. MSC: Analyzing 4. Through kinship studies across cultures, anthropologists have determined that the ways in which genealogies are constructed can be messy and far from exact. Gaps, interruptions, disruptions, uncertainties, and assumed connections are all found among genealogies. This fact is further underscored by Kathleen Gough’s reexamination of anthropologist E. E. Evans-Pritchard’s kinship work with Nuer people in Sudan. Describe one example of a genealogical disruption that Gough found among Nuer kinship data collected in the 1930s, and discuss why the disruption likely occurred. What sorts of gaps and disruptions are present in your own genealogy, and why do you think they have occurred? Do you think that genealogies will undergo even greater gaps and disruptions in the future? Why or why not? ANS: Students should use the example of Kathleen Gough finding that Nuer people continued to trace kinship through both parents and not solely as patrilineal, which was what Evans-Pritchard first contended in the 1930s. Students can also include how conflicts between Nuer people and the British or Dinka neighbors affected kinship and marriage patterns and the way the patterns were maintained in the 1930s. They should conclude with a strong argument that genealogies either will or will not undergo greater gaps and disruptions in the future, using at least one concrete example to substantiate their claims. DIF: Difficult REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Explore the various ways in which genealogies across cultures are constructed and are often inexact. MSC: Analyzing 5. The author of your textbook describes a situation in a Chinese village in which family and ancestral records had been destroyed as part of the national Cultural Revolution in the 1960s. The author uses this case to underscore the fact that political factors can shape efforts to construct and maintain kinship. What are two examples of ways in which political factors may have shaped kinship in the United States? Do you think that political factors continue to influence kinship in any way today? Why or why not? What future implications may current political factors have on future forms of kinship? ANS: Students should provide a minimum of two concrete examples of political factors shaping kinship in the United States, such as migration, same-sex marriage, adoption, child fostering, or domestic partnerships. They should make a clear argument that political factors either do or do not continue to shape kinship in the United States, providing a solid reason for their stances. Students should provide at least one concrete implication that political factors may have on future forms of kinship. DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Examine the various social, economic, and political factors that may influence the ways in which kinship is constructed and maintained in a human group. MSC: Analyzing 6. Arranged marriages that are orchestrated by the families of the bride and groom are common in many cultural groups in Asia, the Pacific, the Middle East, and Africa. Although arranged marriage is not the primary form of marriage in the United States, it does exist. In fact, anthropologists contend that arranged marriages actually do occur more frequently when marriages that are arranged in subtle and implicit ways are considered. What are three examples of subtle, arranged marriages that occur in the United States that may not necessarily be overtly called “arranged marriages”? Who benefits from these so-called arranged marriages? Why do you think these types of marriages occur? How do these types of marriage compare to companionate marriages? Which type of marriage do you think is more beneficial to the spouses and to their communities, and why? ANS: Students should provide three examples of arranged marriages such as those found within the wealthy class, those found within particular religious groups, and those found within particular clans. They should discuss potential benefits from arranged marriages, including social, economic, and political alliances. Students should demonstrate knowledge of the distinction between arranged and companionate marriages and should conclude by offering an opinion regarding which type of marriage may or may not be more beneficial to the spouses and their communities. DIF: Moderate REF: How Are We Related to One Another? OBJ: Describe the primary functions of marriage and distinguish between the various types of marriage that occur across cultures. MSC: Analyzing 7. Anthropologists have clearly demonstrated that kinship is not solely given at birth via biological connections or through marriage alliances but can be acquired through other means. What are three other ways in which kinship can be acquired? What are the benefits of being able to acquire kinship outside of biological relations and marriage? Are these other forms of acquiring kinship present in the United States? Are they present in your own home community? Provide at least two examples of alternate forms of acquiring kinship in the United States and in your own home community. ANS: Students might include examples such as coresidence, co-feeding, fostering, adoption, and community affiliation as forms of acquiring kinship. They should discuss at least two benefits of acquiring kinship outside of biological relations and marriage. They should be able to discuss the presence of other forms of acquiring kinship in the United States, including two concrete examples from the United States generally and two from their home communities. DIF: Moderate REF: Are Biology and Marriage the Only Basis for Kinship? OBJ: Describe the relationship between biological connections and kinship systems and identify other nonbiological connections that are used to form kinship. MSC: Analyzing 8. How families are conceptualized and formed varies across cultural groups. Define and describe the ways in which a family of orientation and a family of procreation differ. How does the concept of a nuclear family fit into these two concepts of family? Why is the concept of a nuclear family more common in the United States and other Western industrialized cultures and societies? What are some examples of other concepts of family found in other cultures throughout the world? What may be some underlying factors that contribute to the diverse ways in which family is conceptualized and formed? How do you think the concept of family may change in the future, and why? ANS: Students should proficiently distinguish between family of orientation and of procreation. They should argue that a nuclear family may be present in both forms, but is not necessarily the norm across cultures. Students should provide a sufficient argument for why nuclear families are more common in the United States, citing economic factors as a primary contributor to the increase in emphasis on nuclear families in the United States since World War II. They may include extended families and fictive extended kin (e.g., adoptees, foster relatives, and so on) as examples of other concepts of family around the world. Students should address social, economic, and political factors as contributing to the diverse conceptualization and formation of families across cultures. They should conclude with a stance on whether or not the concept of family will change in the future, offering a sound reason for their stances. DIF: Moderate REF: How Is Kinship Changing in the United States? OBJ: Distinguish between the various ways in which families are conceptualized across cultures, including notions of family of orientation, family of procreation, nuclear family, and extended family. MSC: Analyzing 9. Families in the United States are supplementing biological connections and affinal marriage connections with alternative family forms based on friendship, respect, and mutual support. One alternative family form is that of chosen families. What are chosen families, and what are some of the reasons that they exist and are becoming more common? Give three examples of chosen families in the United States. Do you think that chosen families existed in the distant past? Why or why not? What do you think will happen to the prevalence of chosen families in the future and why? ANS: Students should clearly define chosen families and provide three examples, such as blended families, adoptive families, gay and lesbian communities, and kinship formed around a particular illness (e.g., Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, breast cancer, and so on). They should provide at least two reasons that chosen families exist, such as economic reasons, alliances, emotional support, and vital networking. Students should make an argument for whether chosen families existed in the past, offering a solid reason for their arguments. They should conclude with a clear statement of whether chosen families will increase in prevalence in the future, providing a solid reason that substantiates the argument. DIF: Difficult REF: How Is Kinship Changing in the United States? OBJ: Define chosen families and describe their primary characteristics and relationship to other forms of family found within kinship systems. MSC: Analyzing 10. In 2004, the American Anthropological Association (AAA)—the largest association of anthropologists in the United States—issued a statement regarding same-sex marriages and the Defense of Marriage Act passed by the U.S. Congress in 2004. What position did the AAA take on same-sex marriages and the act? What sort of research or evidence did the AAA use to substantiate its stance? In your opinion, why did the AAA take the position that it did, and what are the benefits and drawbacks of it taking this stance? Do you think that professional associations such as the AAA should make formal position statements regarding congressional acts? Why or why not? ANS: Students should answer that the AAA took a stance in support of same-sex marriages and based the stance off of years of cross-cultural evidence that demonstrates that civilization or viable social orders do not depend on marriage as an exclusively heterosexual institution. They should underscore the variability that exists in marriages and family composition across the world. They should make a concrete argument for why the AAA may have taken the stance that it did and whether that is important or necessary. Students should use examples or concrete arguments to substantiate their arguments. DIF: Difficult REF: How Is Kinship Changing in the United States? OBJ: Describe same-sex marriage and identify some of the political implications regarding the recognition of same-sex marriages in the United States. MSC: Evaluating 11. Comparing and contrasting marriage rates of the past with those of the present, anthropologists found that earlier marriages did not last any longer than marriages today. What are some of the reasons for this? If past and present marriage rates do not differ significantly, do the proportion of children raised in single-parent households differ between past and present? Why or why not? How might shorter marriages and single-parent households affect kinship within a society? What other elements may contribute to shorter marriages and single-parent households today, and how do they differ from elements that likely contributed to shorter marriages and single-parent households in the past? Why would anthropologists be interested in researching topics such as shorter marriages and single-parent households? ANS: Students should note that shorter life expectancy due to living conditions and illness caused adults in the past to have marriages that did not last any longer or shorter than those today. They should contrast shorter life expectancy of the past with higher divorce rates today as the reason that marriage rates have essentially remained consistent in the United States for more than one hundred years. Students should note that due to consistent marriage rates, the number of single-parent households has likewise remained steady. They should offer at least one example of a way in which shorter marriages and single-parent households affect kinship, such as blended families, fewer traditional nuclear families today, and children spending time living in two separate households of divorced parents. Students should provide examples of other elements contributing to shorter marriages and single-parent households, such as the loss of parents who die in war, greater urbanization that may cause a parent to move for a job opportunity, and worsened economic conditions. They should conclude with an argument for why anthropologists are interested in topics such as shorter marriages and single-family households, which often reflect other social, economic, and political factors that are important for understanding the cultural group that is the focus of research. DIF: Moderate REF: How Is Kinship Changing in the United States? OBJ: Examine the diverse and dynamic nature of marriage over time both locally and globally. MSC: Analyzing 12. Susan Kahn’s research in Israel examined the deep interconnectedness of reproduction kinship, Jewishness, religion, and the state itself. Israel strongly promotes the birth of new children and even subsidizes reproductive technologies in an effort to increase the birth rate. What are some of the challenges in the use of reproductive technologies in this instance? How is the state’s so-called stake in the child changed with the use of reproductive technologies? The idea of citizenship can be a valued prize because of the benefits that can flow from such membership. Jewishness is a matrilineal characteristic. What are the consequences of a non-Jewish individual assisting in the reproduction of a child who may be conferred Israeli citizenship at birth? Are these consequences different for the mother or father? Why is the idea of the state and state identity so closely tied to this problem? ANS: Students should recognize that the nature of Jewishness and it being a matrilineal characteristic is a key part of this problem. Students should be able to deconstruct and analyze the various configurations that are possible and their consequences: a Jewish mother fertilized by a Jewish father, a Jewish mother fertilized by a non-Jewish father, a Jewish mother carrying eggs of a non-Jewish woman, and so forth. Students should touch on the relationship between religion and such births. Students should examine the nature of ethnic and national belonging in state, which depends on the continued agreement of its citizenry for existence in a hostile part of the world. DIF: Moderate REF: Is a Country Like One Big Family? OBJ: Identify the various forms of reproductive technologies that currently exist and analyze how reproductive technologies may be affecting notions of family and kinship today. MSC: Analyzing [Show Less]