1. Characterize the roles of each of the parts of the urinary system.
(Kidneys, nephrons, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra)
2. Trace the flow of blo
... [Show More] od through the kidney and describe how blood is
filtered in the kidney nephron
3. Provide symptoms of kidney failure and describe the normal versus
abnormal urine composition. (normal range of pH, osmolarity, and
volume)
4. List some of the solutes filtered, secreted, and reabsorbed in different
parts of the nephron
5. Describe the role of a portal system in the kidney.
6. Explain how urine osmolarity is hormonally regulated and describe the
regulation of major ions by the kidney.
7. Summarize the role of the kidneys in maintaining acid-base balance.
kidneys are most effective regulator of body fluid pH
8. Compare and contrast blood plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine
characteristics
9. Compare and contrast male and female urethras
10.Describe the micturition reflex.
11.Describe the external structure of the kidney, including its location,
support structures, and covering.
12.Identify the major internal divisions and structures of the kidney,
identify the major blood vessels associated with the kidney.
13.Name structures found in the cortex and medulla, describe the
physiological characteristics of these areas, and compare and contrast
the cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
14.Describe voluntary and involuntary neural control of micturition
15.Discuss the function of the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta.
16.Identify the location of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and describe the
cells that line it, and the function of this structure
17.Describe the histology of the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle,
distal convoluted tubule, and collecting ducts
18.Describe glomerular filtration rate (GFR), state the average value of
GFR, and explain how clearance rate can be used to measure GFR,
predict specific factors that will increase or decrease GFR
19.State the percent of the filtrate that is normally reabsorbed and explain
why the process of reabsorption is so important
20.List common symptoms of kidney failure and discuss the aging kidney
and its function
21.Describe how each of the following functions in the extrinsic control of
GFR: renin-angiotensin mechanism, natriuretic peptides, and
sympathetic adrenergic activity
22.Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and
secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition: reninangiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic
peptides
23.Name and define the roles of other hormones that regulate kidney
control, what effect do diuretics have on fluid retention and loss?
24.Explain why the differential permeability or impermeability of specific
sections of the nephron tubules is necessary for urine formation
25.Describe the role of the kidneys in vitamin D activation, and the role of
the kidneys in regulating erythropoiesis [Show Less]