PSYC101 / PSYC 101 Module 1 – General
Psychology (2026/2027 Latest Update) |
Verified Questions & Correct Answers |
Grade A | Portage Learning
2026
...
/ 2027 Academic Year
Q: According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are:
a. short and across several days
b. long and all on a single day
c. short but all on a single day
Answer
a. short and across several days
Q: When your instructor finishes reviewing a new topic in lecture, she often gives a clicker
quiz. Clicker quizzes can serve the purpose of:
a. transfer appropriate learning
b. incidental learning
c. increasing working memory capacity
d. retrieval practice
Answer
d. retrieval practice
Q: Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of
task at retrieval. This is called:
Answers:
a. metacognition
b. elaborate rehearsal
c. transfer-appropriate processing
d. spacing effect
Answer
c. transfer-appropriate processing
Q: Working memory capacity is related to:
Selected Answer:
a. better attentional control
b. all are correct
c. better reasoning skills
d. better reading comprehension
Answer
b. all are correct
Q: The individual plays an important role in memory acquisition. Which of the following
is LEAST likely to have an effect on memory?
a. the amount of money that you are reimbursed for learning the materials.
b. the situation in which you learn the material
c. prior knowledge
d. the learning strategy that was used
Answer
the amount of money that you are reimbursed for learning the materials.
Q: Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if:
Selected Answer:
a. the student generates his own retrieval cues
b. the type of encoding matches the type of retrieval task
c. there is elaborate processing during encoding of the material
Answer
b. the type of encoding matches the type of retrieval task
Q: Which of the following examples, which is the most important factor in encoding
information to be remembered later?
a. trying to learn
b. having the instructor explain which materials you should review, rather than reviewing
the most difficult information
c. actively processing the meaning of the material
d. your level of motivation
Answer
c. actively processing the meaning of the material
Q: Of the following examples, which is the best way to encode material that you want to
learn?
Answers:
a. highlighting text, so that you will be able to reread it later when you study
b. reading a word and determining how many vowels it has
c. reading a word and thinking about how it relates to you
d. reading a word multiple times
Answer
c. reading a word and thinking about how it relates to you
Q: Which of the following is NOT helpful in learning new materials?
Selected Answer:
Anxiety
Forgetting
Chunking
Self-testing
Expertise
Answer
Anxiety
Q: Having more knowledge about a subject
Answer:
a. helps your ability to learn new related information
b. can inhibit you from learning other information
c. increases your working memory in other subjects
Answer
a. helps your ability to learn new related information
Q: Remembering information about a stimulus in addition to what you intended to
remember (such as position on a page) is called:
Answers:
a. transfer-appropriate learning
b. repetitive learning
c. incidental learning
d. intentional learning
Answer
c. incidental learning
Q: The study on master chess players showed that master chess players are better than
average players in recalling the location of pieces on a chess board because:
Answers:
a. they have superior memories
b. they have had more practice guessing where the pieces belong
c. they can chunk the pieces better into familiar groups
d. they are better able to talk through the problems than average players
Answer
b. they have had more practice guessing where the pieces belong
Q: Which of the following is NOT related to working-memory capacity?
Answers:
a. reading ability
b. implicit learning
c. reasoning skills
d. following directions
Answer
a. reading ability
Q: Which of the following is a good example of a working memory task?
Answers:
a. calculating a multiplication problem in your head
b. reading an interesting story
c. completing an addition problem on paper
d. playing a game of chess
Answer
a. calculating a multiplication problem in your head
Q: How does forgetting facilitate learning?
Answers:
a. Material that is partly forgotten and then re-learned is retained longer than material that
is learned quickly and easily.
b. Forgetting and remembering are both important exercises for our brains.
c. Forgetting does NOT facilitate learning.
d. Forgetting helps maintain information in long-term memory.
Answer
a. Material that is partly forgotten and then re-learned is retained longer than material that
is learned quickly and easily.
The term metacognition refers to:
Answer
a. our thoughts and knowledge about how our learning and memory work
Which of the following strategies will produce the most learning? Determining if:
Answers:
a.
a word rhymes with "nevermore."
b.
the word is printed in capital letters. .
c.
a word is a noun or a verb.
d.
a word has more than two syllables.
b.
the word is printed in capital letters.
Hugh is studying for his geography exam. He is in a hurry, so he focuses on the main points
of the text by highlighting. He skips all the examples that the authors provide to illustrate
each main point. Hugh is using which type of strategy?
Answers:
a.
chunking, to create easier units to remember later.
b.
an efficient study strategy, because highlighting will help him remember the main points.
c.
an elaborate processing strategy which will produce a good durable memory for the
materials.
d.
an ineffective study strategy and will probably not retain many of the main ideas that he
reads.
d.
an ineffective study strategy and will probably not retain many of the main ideas that he
reads
Students who have problems with anxiety so that it affects their learning, can be helped if
they
Answers:
a. ask for a quiet room to take the test
b. study harder
c. write about their anxiety
c. write about their anxiety
Psychology
The systematic study of behaviors and mental processes
All psychologists agree that the first three goals of psychology are to
Describe what organisms do, to explain how organisms behave as they do and to predict
how they will respond in the future and in different situations. Some psychologist add a
forth goal which is to control behavior and thus curb or eliminate psychological and social
problems.
The approach that focuses on how a persons genetic makeup, hormones and nervous
system interact with the environment to influence a wide range of behaviors is called
The Biological approach.
The approach that studies how organisms learn new behaviors or change or modify existing
ones in response to influences from the environment is called the (a)_____. There are two
versions of this approach. One that primarily studies observable behaviors and excludes
mental events is called (b)_____ and is best expressed by the ideas of B. F. Skinner; the
other, which includes observable behaviors plus cognitive processes is called the (c)____
approach and is expressed by the ideas of Albert Bandura and his colleagues
(A) behavioral. (B) strict behaviorism. (C) social cognitive
An approach that examines how our unconscious fears, desires and motivations influence
behaviors, thoughts and personality and cause psychological problems is called the
(a)_____ approach. Sigmund Freud developed this approach as well as the technique of
dream interpretation to bring unconscious ideas to the surface.
(A) psychoanalytic
The approach that investigates how people attend to, store and process information and
how this information affects learning remembering and believing is called the ______
approach
Cognitive
The approach that emphasizes peoples capacity for personal growth, freedom in choosing
their future and potential for self fulfillment is called the _______ approach
Humanistic
The approach that studies the influence of social and cultural factors on psychological and
behavioral functioning is called the ______ approach
Sociocultural
The approach that studies how evolutionary ideas such as adaptation and natural selection
explain human behaviors and mental processes is called the_______ approach
Evolutionary
The approach that studies how biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors influence
human development is called the____ approach
biopsychosocial
Considered the father of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt developed an approach
called(a)____. This approach studied the elements of the conscious mind by using a self
report technique called (b)____ Wundts approach was the beginning of today's cognitive
approach
(A) structuralism. (B) introspection
Disagreeing with Wundts approach, William James said that it was important to study
functions rather than elements of the mind. Accordingly James studied the functions of
consciousness as well as how mental processes continuously flow and adapt to input from
the environment. This approach is called ________. James's ideas contributed to the
modern area of psychology and influenced educational psychology.
Functionalism
James also applied the principles of psychology to teaching, so his approach had a great
effect on the field of _____ psychology
Educational
Also disagreeing with Wundts approach was a group of psychologists led by Wertheimer,
Kohler and Koffka who stated that perceptions cannot be explained by breaking them down
into individual elements or sensations. Instead, they believed that perceptions are more
than the sum of individual sensations, an idea called the _______ approach
Gestalt
Another psychologist who disagreed with Wundts approach was John. B. Watson. He stated
that psychology should use scientific principles to study only observable behaviors and not
mental events, an approach called ____. Watsons approach gave rise to the modern
behavioral approach.
Behaviorism
During the first 75 years of its more than 100 years of its existence, the fields of psychology
discriminated against (a)____ and (b)___, as indicated by the very limited number of
these individuals who were granted PhDs or offered positions in major universities.
(A) women (b) minorities
3 different strategies for note taking were studied: note taking plus review, which means
writing down almost everything the instructor says; note taking plus summary, which
means writing a summary of the lecture in your own words and note taking plus questions
which means asking and answering questions about the lecture material. The note taking
strategy that resulted in the highest exam grades involved(a)______ and the note taking
strategy that resulted in the lowest exam grades involved(b)_____
(A) answering questions (b) reviewing notes
There are 5 major settings in which psychologists work and establish careers. The largest
percentage of psychologists work in private practice or (a)____ settings, where they
diagnose and help clients with psychological problems. The second largest group work in
(b)____ settings, doing a combination of teaching. And research. The third largest group
work in a (c)___ of settings. The fourth largest group work in (d)______ settings, where
they are involved in selecting personnel, increasing job satisfaction and improving worker
management relations. The smallest group work in other settings, such as(e)_____ where
they do academic testing and counseling.
(A)therapy or clinical (b) academic (c) variety (d) industrial (e) school
Psychologists interested in the assessment and treatment of people with psychological
problems such as anxiety or stress specialize in ______ psychology
Clinical and counselling
Those who are interested in prejudice, attitudes, and group behaviors specialize in ______
psychology
Social
Those interested in social, emotional, and cognitive changes across the lifespan specialize in
______ psychology
Developmental
Those interested in studying sensation, perceptions, and learning, often under laboratory
conditions, specialize in ______ psychology
Experimental
Those interested in the interaction among genes, the nervous system, and the environment
choose ______ psychology
Biological or psychobiology
Those interested in how people process, store, and retrieve information choose _______
psychology
Cognitive
Those interested in the measurement and testing of skills, abilities, personality, and mental
problems specialize in______ psychology
Psychometrics
Those interested in the relationships of people and their work specialize in_______
psychology
Industrial/organizational
A better way to judge how prepared you are for an exam is to ask yourself specific _______
rather than to trust your judgement about what you think you know.
Questions
A good way to make your study time more efficient is to set specific_____ and keep track
of your progress.
Performance goals
Immediately after you reach a specific performance goal give yourself a _____ which will
both maintain and improve your motivation
Reward
To improve your lecture notes, try to associate new lecture material with what you already
know, and use your notes to ask and answer ____ in your own words
Questions
One of the most effective ways to overcome a strong tendency to delay starting a task,
known as _______ is to stop thinking about the final goal. Instead breakdown a large
assignment into a series of smaller goals and work on each goal separately
Procrastination
It's best to set a realistic ______ in order to accomplish each of the smaller goals
Schedule
John Watson disagreed with Wundts approach, which was called (a)_____ and disagreed
with Wundts technique of studying the mind, which was called (b)_____. Instead, Watson
emphasized the objective, scientific analysis of observable behaviors, which was known as
the (c) approach. Later this approach became a dominant force in psychology through the
work of behaviorist (d)
(A) structuralism. (B) introspection. (C) behavioral. (D) B. F. Skinner
Psychology
the study of behavior and mental processes
Father of modern psychology
Wilhelm Wundt is often considered to be the father of modern psychology, since he was
largely responsible for establishing psychology as its own field. Late 1800s
William Wundt focus
He was interested in conscious mental processes, or thoughts that a person is aware that he
or she is having
Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner
Behaviorists - interested in behaviors they they could learn about through direct
observation
Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung
Unconscious mental processes - thoughts that a person is unaware that he or she is having
Type of therapy administered by Freud and Jung
psychoanalysis
6 Psychology perspectives
Behavioral, developmental, clinical, biological, sociocultural, cognitive.
BBCCSD
Behavioral psychology
Primarily study human behavior, focusing on the process of learning and motivation.
Humanistic model of clinical psychology
Focuses on characteristics of humankind: free will and personal responsibility. Carl Rogers
Developmental psychology
Focuses on the physical, emotional, and social changes that people undertake throughout
their lives.
Clinical psychology
Focuses on mental health and mental illness. Includes psychodynamic psychology and
humanistic psychology (2 therapy models)
Famous developmental theorist
Jean Piaget - fit in the cognitive perspective to his developmental psychology approach
Psychodynamic model of clinical psychology
Describes powerful, unconscious forces at work in the human psyche ("soul"). - perspective
adhered to by Freud and Jung
Biological Psychology
Focus on how the body is linked to thought and behavior. (genetics, hormones, anatomy)
Sociocultural psychology
Examine the social and cultural contexts of human thought and behavior. View social and
environmental influences as being hugely important contributors to behavior.
Cognitive Psychology
Primarily study human thought. - intelligence and memory. Arose after behaviorism.
Who bridged the gap from behaviorism to cognitive psychology
Albert Bandura - examined some cognitive processes (such as intelligence and memory)
and how they govern behavior.
Bio-psycho-social model
The most common approach to combining different psych perspectives.
Holistic view of human functioning Biological - address biological factors that lead to a
behavior - i.e. the way our nervous system operates or our genetic inheritance.
Psychological - factors like learning, motivation, and personality are necessary to
understand human behavior.
Social - factors like relationships and culture affect behavior.
Replication
Repeating a research study - results need to be consistently reliable. Replication across
multiple sites and studies can establish scientific findings, showing their consistency and
increasing our confidence in results
Scientific Method
1. Develop a hypothesis
2. Design a test
3. Analyze data
4. Present and/or publish the findings
5. Replication (not officially a step but important)
Difference between behaviorists and psychoanalysts
The behaviorists were only interested in studying things that they could directly observe,
but the psychoanalysts focused on unconscious forces that could not be observed at all.
Do behaviorists believe in free will
No. Classical behaviorism posits that human and animal behavior is shaped by the
environment and is not freely chosen.
What do clinical psychologists do?
Key activities: conduct research, administer therapy, offer consultation and evaluation,
supervise and teach others.
What are variables?
Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or
observed in a study.
What things make an experiment a unique research method
Control, Control group, manipulation, independent and dependent variables, manipulation,
and IRB (institutional review boards)
What is the purpose of a control?
To control for external variables and serve as a comparison to the group being manipulated.
Placebo
any substance that has no true medicinal benefit but is administered, as a control, to a
participant who believes it has actual benefit.
Independent and dependent variables
Independent variable - the variable that the researchers manipulate.
Dependent variable - the change that occurred.
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Guidelines that govern human subjects research. Focus on 3 areas:
1. Participation must be voluntary.
2. The benefits for being in a study must outweigh the costs.
3. Selection of participants should not be biased.
Correlation study
Researcher wants to see if two variables are related to one another. Participants come as
they are and details about participants are compared to one another.
correlation coefficient
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)
Case studies
involves interviewing one person in great detail to intensely study one person at a time.
Naturalistic observation
Observation that occurs in a natural setting. It is opposite to an experiment because it
means the researcher embarks into the real world (not a controlled environment) and takes
notes on people as they engage in normal, everyday activities.
Cons: researchers are not privy to the inner thoughts of the participants; unable to test
participants in any way
Surveys
Most common research method in psych. Can be administered orally or in written form.
3 reasons why psychologists like using surveys
1. A survey is the easiest way to get a large participant sample.
2. Surveys are a very efficient research methodology.
3. Psychologists who are interested in having people report their own thoughts and feelings
are often best served by using a survey design.
measures of central tendency
mean, median, mode
Mean equation
∑X/N
Mode
most frequently occurring score
Standard Deviation
The average distance that every person's scores in a group deviate from the mean.
If class mean is 85 and SD is 5 we know that everyone scored between 80 and 90.
Variance
standard deviation squared. Useful for statistical formulas
Reliability
Consistency of a measurement. A test works the same way every time.
Validity
Refers to accuracy and truth - does the test measure what it is supposed to measure.
Content validity
If a test measures the content it claims to measure, it has high content validity.
Can tests be reliable without being valid?
Yes - scores can be consistent each time you take a test but the test may not be accurate
with what you're trying to measure.
A test can also be valid without being reliable - test may accurately measure what it claims
to measure but the way the questions are designed leads to different results each time you
take the test.
Operational definition
Involves defining a thing or idea in terms of how this item will be measured; very specific.
Population
All possible cases that meet a specific criterion. I.e., a population is all US citizens or all
female college students in the US.
Sample
A portion of the population that you can actually study and make inferences on the
population from.
Descriptive statistics
Used to summarize or describe data from samples. Analyzing measures of central tendency.
The purpose is to describe the sample.
Inferential statistics
Rely on sample data to make inferences about the population. Uses samples to generalize to
a population.
PSYC101 / PSYC 101 Module 2 – General
Psychology (2026/2027 Latest Update) |
Verified Questions & Correct Answers |
Grade A | Portage Learning
2026
...
/ 2027 Academic Year
Q: Which part of the nervous system allows us to interact with the world? What are the two
subdivisions that allow us to sense things and act on the world?
Answer
Central Nervous System allows us to interact with the world. Two subdivisions that allow us
to sense things and act on the world include the sympathetic and the parasympathetic cord.
Q: Identify the primary structural parts of a neuron and the functions they serve as
described in the textbook and during lecture.
Answer
Information is received at the dendrites, is passed through the soma and along the axon,
and is transmitted to the dendrites of other cells at mean points called synapses, where
neurotransmitters are released from the terminal buttons. Glial cells provide various types
of support for neurons (like nourishment, insulation, waste removal) and may contribute to
signal transmission in the nervous system.
Q: Explain how charged particles (e.g., Na+ ions) are differentially distributed inside and
outside of the resting neuron.
Answer
Negative Resting Potential: When resting there is a relatively lower concentration of
positive ions inside the cell.
Q: What is a neurotransmitter? Generally speaking, how do neurotransmitters influence
the internal potential of a post-synaptic neuron? Use the lock-and-key analogy in your
description.
Answer
Neurotransmitter: a chemical released by neurons that bind to other neurons.
Neurotransmitter is the key, while the neuron is the lock. Neurotransmitters influence the
internal potential of a post-synaptic neuron by changing how ions flow across the
membrane.
Q: What is an action potential? Explain how it is initiated and results in the release of
neurotransmitters.
Answer
Action potential: a sudden shift in the neurons electrical charge (more positive) that travels
down the axon. The firing of an action potential allows the channels in the cell membrane
that opened to let in sodium close up. Time is needed until it can open again, until then the
neuron cannot fire.
Q: Provide a list of behaviors that are associated with each of the following
neurotransmitters: Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Acetylcholine, and Endorphins.
Answer
Serotonin: Sleep/wake, eating, aggression
Norepinephrine: mood, arousal
Dopamine: Voluntary movement, pleasurable emotion
Acetylcholine: Muscles, memory, attention
Endorphins: Pleasurable emotions, pain reduction (runner's high)
Q: Match the following disorders to the appropriate neurotransmitter(s): Depression,
Schizophrenia, Alzheimer's Disease, and Parkinson's Disease.
Answer
Depression: Norepinephrine
Schizophrenia: Dopamine
Alzheimer's Disease: Acetylcholine
Parkinson's Disease: Dopamine
Q: For the disorders listed above indicate whether the neurotransmitter level is too high or
low. Additionally, provide examples of drugs that influence the levels of the
neurotransmitters and indicate whether the drugs increase, decrease, or block
neurotransmitter activity.
Answer
Depression: Norepinephrine:Cocaine and Amphetamines increase
Schizophrenia: Dopamine: Antipsychotics increase, Cocaine and Amphetamines decrease
Alzheimer's Disease: Acetylcholine: Nicotine increases lunar (botox treatments)
Parkinson's Disease: Dopamine: Antipsychotics increase, Cocaine and Amphetamines
decrease
Q: Define the terms agonist and antagonist and provide examples of how they influence
neurotransmitter activity.
Answer
Agonist: Mimics (causes) actions of neurotransmitter.
Antagonist: Opposes (blocks) actions of neurotransmitter
Q: What is phrenology? Why is it considered a pseudoscience?
Answer
A now abandoned study of the shape of skull as indicative of the strengths of different
faculties. This pseudoscience is based on the false assumption that mental faculties are
located in brain "organs" on the surface of the brain and can be detected by visible
inspection of the skull.
Q: As you anticipate getting up in front of the class, you begin to feel butterflies in your
stomach and a pounding in your chest. Explain how the sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions of the autonomic nervous system work together to influence how your body reacts
to this situation.
Answer
The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions. It connects nerves to
the heart, blood vessels, glands, and smooth muscles. It is often referred to as the fight of
flight response. The autonomic nervous system can be broken down into the sympathetic
division, which mobilizes the body's resources in emergencies, and the parasympathetic,
which conserves the body's resources in emergencies. In the scenario above, the pounding
in your chest suggests your heart is responding to the sympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system. Aparasympathetic response from your heart would slow your
heart rate-not speed it up. The butterflies in your stomach are most likely digestions
slowing down and blood being rerouted to other areas of your body. This is another
example of a sympathetic response. As you begin your speech and overcome your nerves,
you heart beat will slow down and the butterflies will dissipate. These are signs of the
parasympathetic division because the body is relaxing and therefore conserving its
resources.
Q: List the three major divisions of the brain and their principle subdivisions as described
in class.
What behaviors are associated with the subdivisions listed above?
Answer
a) Hindbrain:
medulla-> Breathing and circulation
Pons-> Sleep and arousals Cerebellum-> Coordinated movement and balance and fine
tonging brain activity
b) Midbrain: Arousal
Sound localized
c) Forebrain:
Limble systems-> emotion and memory
Thalamus-> relays incoming and outgoing information Hypothalamus-> Regulation of
basic needs (eating, temperature control) Cerebrum-> Complex thought
Q: There are four primary cortical lobes. What are they? Where are the located? What
primary function is associated with each?
Answer
Temporal-> Hearing Located below the lateral fissure
Occipital-> Vision Located at the back of the brain, behind the parietal lobe and temporal
lobe
Blindspot Parietal-> Integrates information (ex: visual/body)
Touch-Primary somatosensory cortex
Located behind the central sulcus.
Frontal-> Movement-primary cortez
Use information for planning/strategies
Concerned with reasoning, planning, parts of speech and movement (motor cortex),
emotions, and problem-solving
Located in front of the central sulcus.
Q: What is blindsight?
Answer
People who are blind demonstrate some response to visual stimuli.
Q: How is the body represented on the Primary Motor and Primary Somatosensory
cortices of the brain? Where are these segments of the brain located (i.e., which cortical
lobe)?
Answer
Arranged in an orderly manner, inverted. The toes are represented at the top of the cerebral
hemisphere, while the mouth is represented at the bottom of the hemisphere, closer to the
lateral sulcus. These representations lie along a fold in the cortex called the central sulcus.
The homunculus is split in half, with motor representation for each side of the body
represented on the opposite side of the brain.[2] Some body parts may be controlled by
partially overlapping regions of cortex.
Primary motor located in the Frontal Lobe.
Primary Somatosensory Cortex located in the Parietal Lobe.
Q: The two hemispheres are connected by the.....
Answer
Central sulcus.
Q: What are the two primary language areas in the brain that were discussed during class?
Where are they located?
Answer
Broca's Area-> Speech production/fluency
Wernickes Area-> Comprehension of language
Q: Damage to a language area produces an aphasia, or loss of an ability to understand or
express speech. Describe the behavior of someone suffering from each of the two primary
aphasias we discussed in class.
Answer
Broca's Aphasia: Slow effortful speech
Wernicke's Aphasia: "Word salad"/receptive
transmits information between the brain and the peripheral nervous system?
Answer
Spinal Nerves
Q: Describe the three methods used by researchers to investigate the effects of genetics
and experience on behavior.
Answer
Family Studies: Researchers assess hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see
how much they resemble one another to a specific trait.
Twin Studies: Researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of
identical twins and fraternal twins with the respect to a trait
Adoption Studies: asses hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between
adopted children and both their biological and their adoptive parents
Q: What kind of nerves carry sensory and motor messages in and out of the column that
Q: Which of the following brain areas is responsible for movement, sense of self, and
higher mental functions?
Answer
Frontal Lobes
Q: Which of the following involves obtaining additional information to check perceptions?
Answer
Reality Testing
Q: Which theory of dreaming, popularized by Freud, emphasizes internal conflicts,
motives, and unconscious forces?
Answer
Psychodynamic dream theory
Q: The awareness of one's internal thoughts and external surroundings.
Answer
How is consciousness defined in the field of psychology?
Q: Psychophysics is the study of how the mind interprets the physical properties of
_______.
Answer
Stimuli
Q: People perceive objects or events that have no external reality in a/an _______.
Answer
Hallucination
Q: Which one of the following is the name for a type of cell in the nervous system that
transmits information?
Answer
Neuron
Answer
science builds on prior discoveries
Q: What is the structure in the hindbrain involved in controlling coordination and balance
called?
Answer
Cerebellum
Q: Which of the following refers to the parts of the nervous system outside of the brain
and spinal cord?
Answer
Peripheral Nervous System
Q: science is described as a cumulative process. This means that
Q: Personal experience is associated with __________whereas, scientific method is
associated with ________________.
Answer
opinion; fact
Q: miller is conducting research aimed at understanding how elderly people can best
thrive when residing in an assisted-living home. she has several logical ideas that can be
tested in her research. these ideas, which might be considered educated guesses, are called
hypotheses
An example of an operational definition of anxiety is a:
Answer
a score on an anxiety questionare
Taylor walked into the psychology lab and was welcomed by the researcher. The first
document given to him by the researcher described the research experiment and what it
was to entail, which also required his signature. What was this ethical document?
Answer
informed consent
What is one reason why scientific psychologists follow a specific set of guidelines to help
them make decisions when doing research?
Answer
to ensure they protect research participants from potential harm
_________ methods in psychological research are approaches to data-gathering that are
tied to actual measurement and observation
Answer
empirical
which of the following is an example of an empirical question that would be tested by using
systematic observation
Answer
do native English-speaking Canadians take longer to learn chinese or to learn Spanish
When we develop ________ (groups of closely related phenomena or observations) in
science, we must do so in a way that can be tested. Otherwise, there is no way to prove (or
disprove them)
Answer
theories
The definition of psychology is generally considered to be the
scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Dr. Morabian is conducting research that was inspired by studies published 10 years before
he got his doctorate. He reads those studies, thinks about how they can be improved, and
designs research that will extend their findings. Dr. Morabian's work demonstrates that
science is:
cumulative
The purpose of ethical guidelines in psychological research is to
protect the rights of human and animal subjects
Looking for the best ways to help people monitor and control their blood pressure through
behavioral changes would be the concern of psychologists within which subfield?
health
the hypothesis in a research study is defined as the
idea or prediction that can be tested
confidentiality requires that
access to collected data be limited to research staff
The main focus of clinical psychology is on which aspect of human behavior?
understanding and treating psychological disorders
Meditation does which of the following to the body? (choose all that apply)
* Changes plasticity of the brain
* Lowers cortisol levels
* Changes brain structures
Match the drug with the neurotransmitter it mimics:
* benzodiazepines: GABA
* cocaine: Dopamine
* LSD: Serotonin
Which age group sleeps the longest?
Infants
When your body suddenly has an unexpected change in level of drug tolerance, this is
called:
Reverse tolerance
While there are some substances that are classified as drugs in the US, there are also
culturally accepted uses of such substances, such as peyote and ayahuasca, due to their use
for ceremonial and healing purposes.
True
Match the drug with the appropriate classification:
* Alcohol: Depressant
+ Nicotine: Stimulant
* Heroin: Opioid
* LSD: Hallucinogen
Pavlov's study of classical conditioning using dogs showed that dogs could learn to salivate
in response to a(n):
Conditioned stimulus
When behaviors are organized into many small steps during operant conditioning, this is
referred to as:
Shaping
The pleasurable experience of enjoying a good meal with another person on a first date can
cause you to also associate positive feelings toward that person due to:
High-order conditioning
The pleasurable experience of enjoying a good meal with another person on a first date can
cause you to also associate positive feelings toward that person due to:
Reinforcement
Studies show that violent video games can have prosocial effects
False
Which of the following are examples of learning? (choose all that apply)
* Operant conditioning
* Classical conditioning
PSYC101 / PSYC 101 Module 3 – General
Psychology (Latest 2026/2027 Update) |
Verified Questions & Correct Answers |
Grade A | Portage Learning
2026
...
/ 2027 Academic Year
Q: Janelle has five brothers who are 5, 7, 7, 10, and 16 years of age. The mean age of Janelle's
brothers is:
Answer
9
Q: The mean, median, and mode are measures of _____.
Answer
central tendency
Q: Differences between two samples are MOST likely to be statistically significant if the
samples are:
Answer
large
Q: The mean, median, and _____ are all measures of central tendency.
Answer
mode
Q: To measure variation in a set of data, one could calculate the _____ by subtracting the
lowest score from the highest score.
Answer
range
Q: The _____ is a measure of _____.
Answer
median; central tendency
Q: In terms of variation in data, averages that are derived from scores with _____ variability
are more reliable than averages based on scores with _____ variability.
Answer
low; high
Q: When trying to interpret a bar graph, it is important to check the _____ and note their
_____.
Answer
scale labels; range
Q: Rayshawn is trying to decide between two schools for his 8-year-old daughter. The
Einstein School states that the average intelligence test score of its students is 125, with a
standard deviation of 5.3. The Marie Curie School reports that the average intelligence test
score of its students is 125, with a standard deviation of 15.6. If he is MOST interested in
finding a school that has children with diverse abilities, which school should he choose for his
daughter?
Answer
the Marie Curie School
Q: Ahmed has five sisters who are 4, 4, 5, 9, and 10 years old. The _____ of his sisters' ages
is 5.
Answer
median
Q: The _____ is a measure of variation that uses information from each score.
Answer
standard deviation
Q: Dr. Perry is examining academic performance based on parental income level. Dr. Jian
finds that the sample variances are small and the differences between the groups are large.
Which is MOST likely?
Answer
results are significant
Q: _____ statistics can be used to determine the generalizability of results.
Answer
Inferential
Q: Consider this set of numbers: 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 7, 7, 7, 8, 15. The mode of the set is:
Answer
7
Q: Roderick is trying to decide between two schools for his 9-year-old daughter. Two schools
state that the average intelligence test score of its students is 125, which is higher than the
norm of 100. If Roderick is MOST interested in finding a school that has children with diverse
abilities, which statistic about the intelligence test scores would he want to know from both
these schools?
Answer
the standard deviation
Q: Regina has five brothers who are 4, 6, 6, 9, and 15 years of age. The mean age of Regina's
brothers is _____.
Answer
8
Q: Using these scores, identify the range: 5, 7, 7, 10, 11, 15.
Answer
10
Q: Consider this set of numbers: 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 7, 7, 7, 9, 10. The mean of the set is:
Answer
5
Q: Today is the sixteenth birthday party for Danielle. Her younger brother, age 14, and older
sister, age 21, are in attendance. The median age of this family is:
Answer
16
Q: A fast-food restaurant has recently placed a large advertisement in several national
newspapers. It claims that people who eat at this restaurant lose more weight than do people
eating at a competing restaurant. The advertisement includes a simple bar graph displaying
this information. What should you look for in the bar graph to make sure their claims are
accurate?
Answer
the scale labels and their range
Q: Cory creates a bar graph for a sales meeting. The graph MOST likely displays _____
statistics
Answer
descriptive
Q: One person in a group of 12 people is 10 times older than any of the other members. With
respect to age, it is MOST likely that the majority of group members are younger than the
group's:
Answer
mean
Q: Differences between two samples are LEAST likely to be statistically significant if the
samples are _____ and the variability of the samples is _____.
Answer
small; large
Q: Which statement does NOT contain a gross statistical underestimate or overestimate?
Answer
About 4 percent of the population is gay or lesbian.
Q: The _____ is the score that divides a set of scores exactly in half.
Answer
median
Q: An individual uses which type of memory when executing the ability to ride a bike?
Answer
Procedural
Q: The concept that "practice makes perfect" refers to influencing your:
Answer
Implicit Memory
Q: The notion that strong emotions cause strong memories while weaker emotional
experiences produce weaker memories is due to the:
Answer
Arousal Theory
Q: According to the equipotentiality hypothesis, if memory is lost due to damage to one part
of the brain, another part of the same area will take over that memory function.
Answer
True
Q: You are telling your friend about a great movie you just saw, but you're having trouble
remembering the name of the movie. The title of the movie is one you've seen and heard
several times, and your recollection of the title is on the tip-of-your-tongue. This is referred to
as which type of memory error:
Answer
Blocking
Q: The act of retrieving a memory makes it much more likely that the memory can be
retrieved again due to the:
Answer
Testing effect
Q: Racial differences in IQ scores may be explained by:
Answer
Stereotype Threat
Q: Norms are expectations of what a given group should know and demonstrate.
Answer
False
Q: Divergent thinking is measured by IQ and achievement tests.
Answer
False
Q: When you board a plane and proceed to find your assigned seat on the boarding pass, this
is an example of a:
Answer
Cognitive script
Q: ___________________ helps people coordinate their language for use.
Answer
Common Ground
Q: You have just ended a long-term relationship, and you are so frustrated that you have
decided that you are done with dating forever. This is an example of:
Analogy heuristic
[answer1] take in light energy as it enters the eye and they use it to enable the eye to see color.
Cones
Q: After light is converted to an electrical impulse it is sent to the [answer1] lobe in the brain.
Answer
occipital
Q: Hawks have better visual acuity than humans, partly due higher concentrations of these
photoreceptors on their retinas: [answer1].
Answer
Cones
Q: [answer1] enable the eye to see in dim light.
Answer
Rods
Q: Animals that are nocturnal have an abundance of which photoreceptors? [answer1]
Answer
Rods
Q: The Optic Nerve consists of axons of which type of cells? [answer1]
Answer
Ganglion cells
Q: Define Binocular and Monocular cues. Then, describe a specific example of each type of
cue.
Binocular cue is when we use both eyes, between each eyes there is disparity which has a role in
the depth perception. like dark and light , we tend to see light object close and the dark ones far
away.
Monocular cue is when we use one eye only, like when we see close mail box passing by fast
because they are close, in the other hand far away object seems moving slow.
OR
Binocular cues we are seeing out of both eyes but there is a disparity between the eyes.
Monocular cues are the way we perceive things in size and distance. an example is the film lord
of the rings. There are many scenes with the hobbits next to humans or in this specific example
gandoff the wizard. In order to make the hobits look smaller they were films at different angles,
close up and far away.
[TEACHERS NOTE] 2.5 points for correctly defining and providing an example of Binocular
(uses both eyes).Examples should focus on depth information being communicated because of
the disparity between the eyes.
2.5 points for correctly defining and providing an example of Monocular (uses one eye).
Examples should focus on light, shadow, and depth perception (darker perceived as farther) or
distance (slower perceived as distant).
Q: For the following scenarios, indicate whether each is an example of Bottom-up or Top
down processing.
Answer
Your child tentatively takes a lick of gelato to see whether she likes the taste.
Bottom-up
Q: For the following scenarios, indicate whether each is an example of Bottom-up or Top
down processing.
Answer
Someone is rude to you and you spend the next day ruminating over what may have caused this
rudeness and trying to remember whether you did anything to offend this person.
Top-Down
The brain making sense of neural impulses is known as [answer1].
Answer
Perception
Fill in the blank: What is the law that states that a Just Noticeable Difference will be large when
the stimulus energy level is large and small when the energy level is small? [answer5]
Answer
Weber's Law
Fill in the blank: If Sam needs to speak up slightly louder in order for Max to hear him, the
difference between the first and second levels of loudness is known as the [answer1].
JND
True or false? Psychological factors such as one's expectations of the pain one might experience
can affect the actual experience of pain.
True
Fill in the blank: The [answer1] theory of pain states that certain pain signals on larger nerves
can be let in, while smaller ones are blocked entrance.
gate control
Describe the process of transduction, as it occurs in the inner ear.
The sound waves enter the inner ear where they strike the eardrum, which transmits the sound
waves to the cochlea which is filled of fluid, so the waves creates another waves inside the
cochlea, the sound waves travel to the basilar membrane which transform the sound waves into
neural impulse, therefore it travels to the brain (temporal lobe) to interpret the information
sent.
OR
Sound waves enter the inner ear going through the hammer,anvil, and stirrup. The sound
waves then move on to the inner ear to the chochlea that is filled with fluid. The Cochlea has a
basilar membrane which is a thin tissue that converts the vibrations from the tiny hairs to
electricity and this information then travels to the brain.
[TEACHERS NOTE] 3 points for mentioning Tympanic Membrane/eardrum, Cochlea, and
Basilar membrane. 2 points for correct description of each structure's function
Based on what you learned about the loudness of common sounds, what is your reaction? Were
you surprised? Why or why not? Do you think that if this information was generally known that
people would change their behavior? Do you plan on changing yours?
Based on what I learned on the loudness of common sounds I was not suprised. Having a
backgroung in music I am very familiar that sounds have a varity of different decibal that one
would not think are as loud as they are. I don't think ig this information was generally known
that people would change their behavior. I don't plan on changing my behavior.
[TEACHERS NOTE] Answers will vary, but 5 points given to answers that fully address each
question and do so by giving specific details.
To which lobe in the cerebral cortex is auditory information primarily sent? [answer1]
temporal lobe
What three bones make up the eardrum, or tympanic membrane:
hammer, anvil, stirrup
The [answer1] is a tube in the inner ear that is filled with fluid. When sound waves enter the
ear, they cause this fluid to vibrate.
Cochlea
Fill in the blank: The [answer1] is a thin tissue in the Cochlea of the ear that converts vibrations
into bioelectricity.
Basilar Membrane
Multiple choice: _____________ is the psychological property corresponding to the
frequency of a sound wave.
Pitch
True or false? Research in perception indicates that humans appear to be designed or wired to
see patterns.
True
Multiple choice: The ________________ states that humans tend to group similar objects.
Law of similarity
Multiple choice: The _________________ states that humans tend to group nearby objects.
Law of proximity
Multiple choice: The _______________ states that humans make more sense of connected
and continuous objects than disconnected ones.
Law of Continuity
Fill in the blank: The Gestalt concept of Figure and Ground illustrates that when we focus on
the figure or pattern, everything else in the background becomes [answer1]. ground
ground
Thoroughly answer the essay question. Essay answers should be in clearly written in full
sentences. (10 points)
1. Briefly describe where visual information is sent in the brain after traveling down the Optic
Nerve. In your answer, be sure to explain the roles and responsibilities of each brain region
discussed.
Once the light waves enter in the eye, the retina cells make transduction, the information are
sent first to the thalamus through the optical nerve, which is like switchboard, then to the
occipital lobe where the information sent by the retina cells will be interpreted. The occipital
lobe in the brain is where the vision center in located.
Some information are sent to the brain stem which control the pupils dilatation, some eyes
movements as saccades when the eye focus on an object.
OR
The visual information is sent to the optic nerve when light waves reflect off an object and
travels into the eye then travels to the cells in the back of the eye where the photoreceptors are
located which are rods that enable the eye to see in dim light and cones that enable the eye to
see color. It is in the back of the eye that the retina and gagnilon cells are located. The ganglion
cells have axons. The light energy information is then converted to electrical in pulse in the
optic nerve by bundles of axons from the ganglion cells. The electric energy leaves the optic
nerve and moves to the brain and the thalmus ( the thalmus is the switchboard center ) it then
mover on to the cerbreal cortex mostly to the visual cortext in the occiputal lobe, some
information goes to the brain stem to control pupil size and eye movement.
[TEACHERS NOTES] 3 points for correct identification of the following pathways: Optic Nerve
to Thalamus, Thalamus to Primary Visual Cortex in the Occipital Lobe, Thalamus to
Brainstem.
7 points for correct description of the roles and responsibilities of: Thalamus, Visual
Cortex/Occipital Lobe, Brainstem (2 pts each, 1 pt for overall level of detail in describing the
process of visual information being sent to these regions)
13- Thoroughly answer the essay question. Essay answers should be in clearly written in full
sentences. (10 points)
1. Choose three out of the four Gestalt principles: Figure and Ground, Law of Similarity, Law of
Proximity, Law of Continuity. Describe each of these in your own words. Then, based on the
module and the link to the graphic design website, choose one of these principles and describe
how this principle can be applied, such as to art, graphic design, or everyday life.
Figure and Ground: The figure is what we focus on when we look at picture and every other
thing becomes the background. A typical example would be when you focus on an image and
you are able to see a figure and if you look at the image from another direction, you tend to see
another figure
Law of similarity: This is a case where we put similar objects together. It is assumed that things
that look alike are actually alike. It may help us to work better but can also make cause
perceptual issues.
Law of continuity- Our brains make sense of connected objects rather than disconnected ones.
We expect people to stay the same every time we see them even though we understand that
change is constant.
Using Amazon logo as an example, The logo has an arrow which points from A to Z this could
help us understand that Amazon has got everything we may need from A to Z
[TEACHERS NOTE] 6 points for describing the principles and 4 points for application.
If a stimulus is very large, will the Just Noticeable Difference be large or small? large
large
Signal Detection Theory states that sensation depends on the_____________, the degree of
background simulation, and the current physical or psychological of the person receiving the
stimulus.
intensity of the stimulus
Rods and cones are examples of
photoreceptors
Diane is so used to the sounds of trains traveling back and forth near her house that she no
longer notices the sound. Which term from the module best describes this phenomenon?
Sensory Adaption
Regarding hearing, the softest level of sound that can be detected by the human ear is known
as the
absolute threshold.
Describe the process of transduction, as it occurs in the inner ear. (6 points)
When sound waves enter the inner ear, it strikes the tympanic membrane that has three little
bones called the hammer, the anvil and the stirrup due to their sizes. The sound waves keeps
moving to the snail like tube called the cochlea which is filled with fluid. The sound waves will
send vibrations through the fluid in the cochlea. There is a thin tissue in the cochlea called the
basilar membrane which converts the vibrations caused by the sound waves into electricity
through the stimulation of tiny hair cells. This impulse is then carried to the brain.
Of the following terms, which are psychological qualities rather than physical: Frequency,
Pitch, Amplitude, Loudness. (2 points)
Pitch and loudness.
Of the above terms (frequency, pitch, etc.), which are physical qualities rather than
psychological? (2 points)
Frequency and Amplitude
Which one of the following statements accurately represents the stability of an individual's
sexual orientation?
Sexual orientation remains fairly consistent throughout the average person's life
Which one of the following is an accurate characteristic of the mental health of homosexuals?
They are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression
Which of the following developmental stages spans from birth to one year?
Infancy
Which one of the following terms refers to culturally constructed distinctions between male
and female characteristics?
Gender
Which one of the following is the most accurate representation of the dynamic relationship of a
mother and her child?
Difficult children may illicit more negative parenting
The passage of physical and psychological traits through genes from parents to offspring is
called
Heredity
Which of the following statements describes how a drive differs from an incentive?
Drive is the state of tension that arises from an unmet need, while incentive is a specific reward
that motivates behavior
Which of the following is a characteristic of people high in the need of achievement?
They strive to do well anytime they are evaluated
The study of how and why human beings experience transformations in behavior that occur
during every stage of life from conception to death is known as
Developmental Psychology
Which of the following parts of the brain regulates emotional behaviors and basic biological
needs, including hunger, thirst, and the sex drive?
Hypothalamus
__________ is the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology,and
treatment.
Psychopathology
A condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors is known as
a______________.
Psychological disorder
Psychological disorders are tied closely to ________________. Meaning that
whilesymptoms like hallucinations are seen as a disorder, there are other places in the
worldwhere they are highly valued.
cultural expectations
Wakefield proposed an influential concept in which he defines psychological disorders as a
_______________.
harmful dysfunction
According to the APA what three things are required for a diagnosis of a disorder?
1. Significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
2. The disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental
dysfunction.
3. The disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one's life.
What is the current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders
(DSM)?
DSM-5
What are the categories describing each disorder in the DSM are?
a. Diagnostic features
b. Diagnostic criteria
c. Prevalence
d. Risk Factors
There are two major systems for the classification of mental disorders. The DSM is one and the
World Health Organization (WHO) publishes the
International Classification of Diseases
According to the text, what is the definition of diathesis?
Diathesis is a predisposition for a disorder.
The prevalence of all anxiety disorders appears to be
25-35%
__________________ is the most frequently occurring class of mental disorders.
Avoidant and schizoid personality disorders
__________________ involves excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a
specific object or situation
Anxiety Disorders
What are the three major learning pathways for acquiring a phobia?
a. Classical Conditioning
b. Vicarious Learning
c. Verbal transmission of information
________________ is characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety of social
situation in which the person could be evaluated negatively by others.
Social Anxiety Disorder
______________ percent of a sample of tested adults with social anxiety disorderreported a
history of teasing in childhood
92
________________ recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month
of persistent concerns about additional panic attacks
Panic Disorder
What is the percentage of the U.S. population that dies each year as a result of panic attacks?
0%
What are the three casual theories of Panic Disorder?
a. Neurobiological
b. Conditioning
c. Cognitive
_____________ is a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless
worry and apprehension.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
What are the three diagnostic criteria of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
a. The diffuse worrying and apprehension is not part of another disorder.
b. Symptoms occur more days than not for at least 6 months.
c. Symptoms are accompanied by any three of the following symptoms: Restlessness, difficulty
concentrating, being easily fatigued, muscle tension, irritability, and sleep difficulties.
_______________ involves thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted(obsession)
and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsion).
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
______________ is persistent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts and urges that
arehighly intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing
Obsessions
_____________ are repetitive and ritualistic acts, typically carried out primary as a means
to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or the likelihood of a feared event.
Compulsions
____________ involves a preoccupation with a perceived flaw in the individual'sphysical
appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
____________ involves great difficulty in discarding possessions, regardless of how
valueless/useless they are, usually resulting in an accumulation of items that clutter living or
work areas.
Hoarding Disorder
In what area of the brain is hoarding disorder thought to be localized?
Anterior Cingulate
In what area of the brain is body dysmorphia thought to be localized?
Prefrontal cortex
In what area of the brain is obsessive-compulsive disorder thought to be localized
OCD circuit
What are the two diagnostic criteria for diagnosing PTSD?
a. Individual was exposed to, witnessed, or experienced the details of a traumatic experience
("actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence")
b. Symptoms occur for at least one month.
What are the two mood disorders covered in the text and in class?
a. Depressive Disorder
b. Bipolar and Related Disorders
What are the four diagnostic criteria for diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder?
a. "Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day"
b. Loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities.
c. At least 5 symptoms for at least a two-week period.
d. Symptoms cause significant distress or impair normal functioning and are not caused by
substances or a medical condition
What are the three subtypes of depression?
a. Seasonal Pattern
b. Peripartum onset (postpartum depression)
c. Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
In bipolar disorder mood states fluctuate between ___________ and ___________.
depression; mania
List three of the symptoms of mania.
a. Excessively irritable
b. Easily distracted.
c. Engage in reckless behavior.
The neurotransmitter most closely associated with depression is _____________.
Serotonin
The neurotransmitter most closely associated with bipolar is _________________.
Dopamine
_______________ states that cognitive vulnerability + stressful life events lead to
depression.
Diathesis-Stress model
______________ contains themes of loss, failure, rejection, worthlessness, and inadequacy.
Depressive schemas
In the Hopelessness Theory of Depression ___________ and _________ lead to
depression
specific negative thinking style; sense of hopelessness
______________ is repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed
anddwelling on depressive symptoms.
Rumination
What is the percentage of individuals who complete suicide having at least one mental disorder
(most frequently a mood disorder)?
90%
What are the five major symptoms of schizophrenia?
a. Hallucinations
b. Delusions
c. Disorganized Thinking
d. Catatonic Behaviors
e. Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
What is the neurotransmitter most significantly associated with schizophrenia?
Prefrontal Cortex
_____________ is characterized by an individual becoming split off or dissociated, from
their core sense of self - memory and identity become disturbed.
Dissociative Disorder
What are the three Dissociative Disorders?
a. Dissociative Amnesia
b. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
c. Dissociative Identity Disorder
____________ is characterized by a pervasive and inflexible personality style that differs
markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture and causes distress or impairment.
Personality Disorder
What are the four cluster B personality disorders?
a. Antisocial personality disorder
b. Histrionic personality disorder
c. Narcissistic personality disorder
d. Borderline personality disorder
______________ is characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self
image,and mood, as well as marked impulsivity.
Borderline Personality Disorder
____________ is characterized by a complete lack of regard for other people's rights or
feelings.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Research has revealed two things about brain anatomy in relation to antisocial personality
disorder.
a. Less activation in brain regions involved in the experience of empathy and feeling concerned
for others.
b. Greater activation in a brain area involved in self-awareness, cognitive function and
interpersonal experience.
______________ is a constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsive
behavior that interferes with normal functioning.
ADHD
What is the neurotransmitter most significantly associated with ADHD?
Dopamine
What are the three symptoms of autism spectrum disorder?
a. Deficits in social interaction (e.g., do not make eye contact, turn head away when spoken to,
prefer playing alone).
b. Deficits in communication (e.g., one-word responses, difficulty maintaining conversation,
echoed speech, and problems using and understanding nonverbal cues).
c. Repetitive patterns of behavior or interests.
Clues to the important roles both nature and nurture play in development is seen in infants as
they begin to gain the ability to actively perceive the distance from themselves to objects in the
environment. This ability is also known as what term?
Depth perception
A preschooler who watches an adult empty a small pitcher of water into a glass believes that:
The poured volume increases or decreased depending on the appearance of the container
Adam is upset that his twin brother Ryan has two pieces of pie while he only has one. His Mom
rightly states that it's the same amount of pie it's just that Ryan's piece fell apart into two pieces
as it was transferred onto the plate. Still not satisfied, Adam begins to throw a temper tantrum.
In a moment of desperation, Adam's Mom cuts his piece in half saying: "There, Adam, now you
have two pieces!" This worked. Adam is now happy. What Piagetian Stage is Adam in?
Preoperational
Which of the following is a potential problem with Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
All are potential issues.
The idea that on the object permanence task, infants perform better when the waiting period is
shorter at just six months of age supports which of the following problems with Piaget's
theory?
Cognitive development is more continuous than Piaget thought
Piaget's stage theory can be described as which of the following?
Discontinuous and qualitative
What measure might a psychologist use to demonstrate that an infant does not know that his
teddy bear exists when it is removed from his field of vision?
The object permanence task
According to Piaget, the developmental processes that explain children's cognitive
development are measured by:
How children reason, with fundamental changes tin thinking occurring in each stage
The relation of nature to nurture is the same as the relation of _______.
genetics to environment
Farrah is in kindergarten and is learning about _____. To track her progress, her teacher
presents her with pairs of words and asks her which of them rhyme.
phonemic awareness
The ______ model describes how financial difficulties are associated with parents' depressed
moods, which can cause problems with a child's normal adjustment.
Family stress
Hector is a strict father who demands and expects obedience from his children. What is his
style of parenting known as?
authoritarian
When Rachel, a toddler, visits a neighbor's home with her mother, she explores the room
where the adults are sitting, but she will not leave the room. When her mother leaves to inspect
the garden, she gets agitated and later rushes to her immediately when mother returns.
Rachel's behavior demonstrates _____ attachment.
Secure
Julee's mom has noticed that her daughter has been especially good at resisting the cookies in
the kitchen so she doesn't spoil her dinner each night. Julee knows if she can wait until after
dinner she can eat two cookies. This successful experience of motivated self-regulation can also
be referred to as what?
effortful control
Nick and Brenda are attentive parents. They are encouraging and warm, yet they are firm with
boundaries, and make sure the rules of the home are clearly communicated. When their
children make mistakes, Nick and Brenda try to use the mistakes a learning experiences, even
when punishment is administered. What kind of parenting style is this?
Authoritative
Allison has been described by her parents, teachers, and friends as hyperactive. Therefore, her
parents try to modify her environment by taking her to the park and signing her up for sports
teams in order to fit her temperament. This is an example of which of the following:
Goodness of fit
One element that shapes personality is temperament, which is related to self-regulation and is:
biologically based
According to research referenced in your text, babies who are _____ tend to elicit more
sensitive and affectionate care from their parents compared with babies who lack these
attributes.
easygoing and attractive
Marcellus has an 8-year old daughter. He showers her with love and gifts and generally lets her
make her own decisions. Baumrind (2013) would suggest that Marcellus has a(n) ____
parenting style
Permissive
Which of the following is NOT a challenge associated with peer relationships during
childhood?
Poor conflict management
Lilly is trying different sports throughout the summer to determine which team she would like
to try out for in high school. Lilly would likely fall in which of Marcia's identity statuses?
Moratorium
Family adversity, abuse, and parental psychopathology are predictors of _____________
during adolescence.
Suicide
Risky behavior may be due, in part, to an underdeveloped part of the adolescent brain that
controls ________.
self-regulation
Researchers have suggested that certain genetic variations make adolescents more or less
susceptible to environmental influences. This is known as:
Differential susceptibility model
Beth's father often invalidates her feelings and pressures her to think in certain ways. What is
the term for parents' manipulation of adolescents' emotional and cognitive world?
psychological control
Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the creation of emerging adulthood as a
distinct life stage?
Starting careers at an earlier age
Erikson believed that individuals should strive to reach identity formation during adolescence.
This is similar to what stage in Marcia's identity theory?
identity achievement
Precious has several friends who look, act, and think in ways similar to her. This similarity is
known as ________.
homophily
The biological changes of puberty and the cognitive changes that occur during adolescence:
Are universal, occurring in all adolescents
What is one intrapersonal factor that affects adolescents' academic achievement?
intrinsic motivation
Global subjective well-being is highest during ______ and lowest in ______.
Early and later adulthood; middle adulthood
According to Carstensen, the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory explains what about older
adults and their social support?
Older adults restrict their social life to include emotionally close friends
Although older adults experience cognitive decline, they perform just as well as younger adults
on tasks that require expert knowledge because:
Their life experience compensates for slower processing speed
Which of the following personality traits has been found to predict important life outcomes,
such as job success, health, and longevity?
Conscientiousness
Opal has learned a lot about housing construction in her 20 years as a realtor. Recalling facts
about siding and insulation would be an example of Opal's _____ intelligence
crystallized
Gary is not fast when completing a vocabulary test but if given enough time can get nearly
100% on the test. While Gary's old age may influence his reaction time, his _______
intelligence is fully intact due to his large amount of life experience and knowledge.
crystallized
Instead of socializing with large groups of acquaintances, Nancy spends her time with a few
people with whom she is emotionally close. Choosing to keep a smaller social circle is in line
with the:
socioemotional selectivity theory
Joe and Morris have been friends for over 50 years. Now in their seventies, Joe still plays golf 3
times a week but Morris has physical limitations that prevent him from doing so. The
differences in the way that these men are aging reflects the concept of __________.
heterogeneity
Why is it that older adults tend to demonstrate worse performance on memory tasks that
involve recall when compared to younger individuals?
Recall tasks draw on working memory skills, which become less efficient as we age.
Research on cognitive abilities in late adulthood suggests that as we age,
fluid intelligence will decline and crystallized intelligence will remain steady.
Personality traits are defined as:
relatively enduring dispositions in behavior that characterize individuals across varying types
of situations
Hans Eysenck suggested that two traits are the most important traits of the Five-Factor Model.
More recently, Jeffrey Gray has suggested that these two traits are important because they are
related to fundamental reward and avoidance systems in the brain. Which two traits of the
Five-Factor Model are Eysenck and Gray referring to, and how do they map onto the reward
and avoidance systems?
Extroverts approach rewards while Neurotic individuals avoid punishment.
According to the Lexical Hypothesis, which of these traits do not "go together"?
Generous - Selfish
_____ means that similar behaviors or tendencies occur across different situations. This
explains why it is often easy to predict how a person will act in a given context.
Consistency
Factor analysis allowed personality theorists to:
analyze the correlations among traits and identify the most important ones
In the "person-situation debate" amongst psychologists, what was Walter Mischel's side of the
argument?
Traits are an illusion. People may not be consistent across situations and thus it would be
fruitful to study the distinct reactions in specific situations
Kyle has a reputation for being very calm during an emergency. He copes very well with stress
and is able to think clearly and make effective decisions. Which of the Big 5 factors of
personality would Kyle likely score low in?
Neuroticism
A person does not "have" or "not have" a personality trait but instead can possess varying
amounts of it. This is because personality traits reflect ____________________ rather
than distinct personality types.
continuous distributions
Adam tries to convince others to give him money for lunch, and one time he influenced his boss
into letting him have a promotion despite the other candidate being more qualified than he
was.
Machiavellian
Walter Mischel (1968, 2009) pointed out this apparent fact about the predictability of
individuals' behavior through personality tests
People's behavior varies greatly situation by situation, but tests can reveal their average
behavior across many situations.
Clint is a very confident person who tends to take charge when he has been assigned to a group
task. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Clint likely score high in?
extraversion
Personality refers to ______.
characteristic ways that people differ from one another
Which two traits of the Five-Factor Model does Eysenck consider the most important traits?
Extraversion and Neuroticism
The night before a midterm exam, Wayne is invited to a party by his friends. He decides not to
go to the party because doing well in the course is important to his career goals. Which of the
Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in?
Conscientiousness
Istvan is well liked by his friends because he is trusting, considerate, compassionate, loyal, and
easy to get along with. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Istvan likely score high
in?
agreeableness
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