PSYC101 / PSYC 101 Module 3 – General
Psychology (Latest 2026/2027 Update) |
Verified Questions & Correct Answers |
Grade A | Portage Learning
2026
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/ 2027 Academic Year
Q: Janelle has five brothers who are 5, 7, 7, 10, and 16 years of age. The mean age of Janelle's
brothers is:
Answer
9
Q: The mean, median, and mode are measures of _____.
Answer
central tendency
Q: Differences between two samples are MOST likely to be statistically significant if the
samples are:
Answer
large
Q: The mean, median, and _____ are all measures of central tendency.
Answer
mode
Q: To measure variation in a set of data, one could calculate the _____ by subtracting the
lowest score from the highest score.
Answer
range
Q: The _____ is a measure of _____.
Answer
median; central tendency
Q: In terms of variation in data, averages that are derived from scores with _____ variability
are more reliable than averages based on scores with _____ variability.
Answer
low; high
Q: When trying to interpret a bar graph, it is important to check the _____ and note their
_____.
Answer
scale labels; range
Q: Rayshawn is trying to decide between two schools for his 8-year-old daughter. The
Einstein School states that the average intelligence test score of its students is 125, with a
standard deviation of 5.3. The Marie Curie School reports that the average intelligence test
score of its students is 125, with a standard deviation of 15.6. If he is MOST interested in
finding a school that has children with diverse abilities, which school should he choose for his
daughter?
Answer
the Marie Curie School
Q: Ahmed has five sisters who are 4, 4, 5, 9, and 10 years old. The _____ of his sisters' ages
is 5.
Answer
median
Q: The _____ is a measure of variation that uses information from each score.
Answer
standard deviation
Q: Dr. Perry is examining academic performance based on parental income level. Dr. Jian
finds that the sample variances are small and the differences between the groups are large.
Which is MOST likely?
Answer
results are significant
Q: _____ statistics can be used to determine the generalizability of results.
Answer
Inferential
Q: Consider this set of numbers: 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 7, 7, 7, 8, 15. The mode of the set is:
Answer
7
Q: Roderick is trying to decide between two schools for his 9-year-old daughter. Two schools
state that the average intelligence test score of its students is 125, which is higher than the
norm of 100. If Roderick is MOST interested in finding a school that has children with diverse
abilities, which statistic about the intelligence test scores would he want to know from both
these schools?
Answer
the standard deviation
Q: Regina has five brothers who are 4, 6, 6, 9, and 15 years of age. The mean age of Regina's
brothers is _____.
Answer
8
Q: Using these scores, identify the range: 5, 7, 7, 10, 11, 15.
Answer
10
Q: Consider this set of numbers: 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 7, 7, 7, 9, 10. The mean of the set is:
Answer
5
Q: Today is the sixteenth birthday party for Danielle. Her younger brother, age 14, and older
sister, age 21, are in attendance. The median age of this family is:
Answer
16
Q: A fast-food restaurant has recently placed a large advertisement in several national
newspapers. It claims that people who eat at this restaurant lose more weight than do people
eating at a competing restaurant. The advertisement includes a simple bar graph displaying
this information. What should you look for in the bar graph to make sure their claims are
accurate?
Answer
the scale labels and their range
Q: Cory creates a bar graph for a sales meeting. The graph MOST likely displays _____
statistics
Answer
descriptive
Q: One person in a group of 12 people is 10 times older than any of the other members. With
respect to age, it is MOST likely that the majority of group members are younger than the
group's:
Answer
mean
Q: Differences between two samples are LEAST likely to be statistically significant if the
samples are _____ and the variability of the samples is _____.
Answer
small; large
Q: Which statement does NOT contain a gross statistical underestimate or overestimate?
Answer
About 4 percent of the population is gay or lesbian.
Q: The _____ is the score that divides a set of scores exactly in half.
Answer
median
Q: An individual uses which type of memory when executing the ability to ride a bike?
Answer
Procedural
Q: The concept that "practice makes perfect" refers to influencing your:
Answer
Implicit Memory
Q: The notion that strong emotions cause strong memories while weaker emotional
experiences produce weaker memories is due to the:
Answer
Arousal Theory
Q: According to the equipotentiality hypothesis, if memory is lost due to damage to one part
of the brain, another part of the same area will take over that memory function.
Answer
True
Q: You are telling your friend about a great movie you just saw, but you're having trouble
remembering the name of the movie. The title of the movie is one you've seen and heard
several times, and your recollection of the title is on the tip-of-your-tongue. This is referred to
as which type of memory error:
Answer
Blocking
Q: The act of retrieving a memory makes it much more likely that the memory can be
retrieved again due to the:
Answer
Testing effect
Q: Racial differences in IQ scores may be explained by:
Answer
Stereotype Threat
Q: Norms are expectations of what a given group should know and demonstrate.
Answer
False
Q: Divergent thinking is measured by IQ and achievement tests.
Answer
False
Q: When you board a plane and proceed to find your assigned seat on the boarding pass, this
is an example of a:
Answer
Cognitive script
Q: ___________________ helps people coordinate their language for use.
Answer
Common Ground
Q: You have just ended a long-term relationship, and you are so frustrated that you have
decided that you are done with dating forever. This is an example of:
Analogy heuristic
[answer1] take in light energy as it enters the eye and they use it to enable the eye to see color.
Cones
Q: After light is converted to an electrical impulse it is sent to the [answer1] lobe in the brain.
Answer
occipital
Q: Hawks have better visual acuity than humans, partly due higher concentrations of these
photoreceptors on their retinas: [answer1].
Answer
Cones
Q: [answer1] enable the eye to see in dim light.
Answer
Rods
Q: Animals that are nocturnal have an abundance of which photoreceptors? [answer1]
Answer
Rods
Q: The Optic Nerve consists of axons of which type of cells? [answer1]
Answer
Ganglion cells
Q: Define Binocular and Monocular cues. Then, describe a specific example of each type of
cue.
Binocular cue is when we use both eyes, between each eyes there is disparity which has a role in
the depth perception. like dark and light , we tend to see light object close and the dark ones far
away.
Monocular cue is when we use one eye only, like when we see close mail box passing by fast
because they are close, in the other hand far away object seems moving slow.
OR
Binocular cues we are seeing out of both eyes but there is a disparity between the eyes.
Monocular cues are the way we perceive things in size and distance. an example is the film lord
of the rings. There are many scenes with the hobbits next to humans or in this specific example
gandoff the wizard. In order to make the hobits look smaller they were films at different angles,
close up and far away.
[TEACHERS NOTE] 2.5 points for correctly defining and providing an example of Binocular
(uses both eyes).Examples should focus on depth information being communicated because of
the disparity between the eyes.
2.5 points for correctly defining and providing an example of Monocular (uses one eye).
Examples should focus on light, shadow, and depth perception (darker perceived as farther) or
distance (slower perceived as distant).
Q: For the following scenarios, indicate whether each is an example of Bottom-up or Top
down processing.
Answer
Your child tentatively takes a lick of gelato to see whether she likes the taste.
Bottom-up
Q: For the following scenarios, indicate whether each is an example of Bottom-up or Top
down processing.
Answer
Someone is rude to you and you spend the next day ruminating over what may have caused this
rudeness and trying to remember whether you did anything to offend this person.
Top-Down
The brain making sense of neural impulses is known as [answer1].
Answer
Perception
Fill in the blank: What is the law that states that a Just Noticeable Difference will be large when
the stimulus energy level is large and small when the energy level is small? [answer5]
Answer
Weber's Law
Fill in the blank: If Sam needs to speak up slightly louder in order for Max to hear him, the
difference between the first and second levels of loudness is known as the [answer1].
JND
True or false? Psychological factors such as one's expectations of the pain one might experience
can affect the actual experience of pain.
True
Fill in the blank: The [answer1] theory of pain states that certain pain signals on larger nerves
can be let in, while smaller ones are blocked entrance.
gate control
Describe the process of transduction, as it occurs in the inner ear.
The sound waves enter the inner ear where they strike the eardrum, which transmits the sound
waves to the cochlea which is filled of fluid, so the waves creates another waves inside the
cochlea, the sound waves travel to the basilar membrane which transform the sound waves into
neural impulse, therefore it travels to the brain (temporal lobe) to interpret the information
sent.
OR
Sound waves enter the inner ear going through the hammer,anvil, and stirrup. The sound
waves then move on to the inner ear to the chochlea that is filled with fluid. The Cochlea has a
basilar membrane which is a thin tissue that converts the vibrations from the tiny hairs to
electricity and this information then travels to the brain.
[TEACHERS NOTE] 3 points for mentioning Tympanic Membrane/eardrum, Cochlea, and
Basilar membrane. 2 points for correct description of each structure's function
Based on what you learned about the loudness of common sounds, what is your reaction? Were
you surprised? Why or why not? Do you think that if this information was generally known that
people would change their behavior? Do you plan on changing yours?
Based on what I learned on the loudness of common sounds I was not suprised. Having a
backgroung in music I am very familiar that sounds have a varity of different decibal that one
would not think are as loud as they are. I don't think ig this information was generally known
that people would change their behavior. I don't plan on changing my behavior.
[TEACHERS NOTE] Answers will vary, but 5 points given to answers that fully address each
question and do so by giving specific details.
To which lobe in the cerebral cortex is auditory information primarily sent? [answer1]
temporal lobe
What three bones make up the eardrum, or tympanic membrane:
hammer, anvil, stirrup
The [answer1] is a tube in the inner ear that is filled with fluid. When sound waves enter the
ear, they cause this fluid to vibrate.
Cochlea
Fill in the blank: The [answer1] is a thin tissue in the Cochlea of the ear that converts vibrations
into bioelectricity.
Basilar Membrane
Multiple choice: _____________ is the psychological property corresponding to the
frequency of a sound wave.
Pitch
True or false? Research in perception indicates that humans appear to be designed or wired to
see patterns.
True
Multiple choice: The ________________ states that humans tend to group similar objects.
Law of similarity
Multiple choice: The _________________ states that humans tend to group nearby objects.
Law of proximity
Multiple choice: The _______________ states that humans make more sense of connected
and continuous objects than disconnected ones.
Law of Continuity
Fill in the blank: The Gestalt concept of Figure and Ground illustrates that when we focus on
the figure or pattern, everything else in the background becomes [answer1]. ground
ground
Thoroughly answer the essay question. Essay answers should be in clearly written in full
sentences. (10 points)
1. Briefly describe where visual information is sent in the brain after traveling down the Optic
Nerve. In your answer, be sure to explain the roles and responsibilities of each brain region
discussed.
Once the light waves enter in the eye, the retina cells make transduction, the information are
sent first to the thalamus through the optical nerve, which is like switchboard, then to the
occipital lobe where the information sent by the retina cells will be interpreted. The occipital
lobe in the brain is where the vision center in located.
Some information are sent to the brain stem which control the pupils dilatation, some eyes
movements as saccades when the eye focus on an object.
OR
The visual information is sent to the optic nerve when light waves reflect off an object and
travels into the eye then travels to the cells in the back of the eye where the photoreceptors are
located which are rods that enable the eye to see in dim light and cones that enable the eye to
see color. It is in the back of the eye that the retina and gagnilon cells are located. The ganglion
cells have axons. The light energy information is then converted to electrical in pulse in the
optic nerve by bundles of axons from the ganglion cells. The electric energy leaves the optic
nerve and moves to the brain and the thalmus ( the thalmus is the switchboard center ) it then
mover on to the cerbreal cortex mostly to the visual cortext in the occiputal lobe, some
information goes to the brain stem to control pupil size and eye movement.
[TEACHERS NOTES] 3 points for correct identification of the following pathways: Optic Nerve
to Thalamus, Thalamus to Primary Visual Cortex in the Occipital Lobe, Thalamus to
Brainstem.
7 points for correct description of the roles and responsibilities of: Thalamus, Visual
Cortex/Occipital Lobe, Brainstem (2 pts each, 1 pt for overall level of detail in describing the
process of visual information being sent to these regions)
13- Thoroughly answer the essay question. Essay answers should be in clearly written in full
sentences. (10 points)
1. Choose three out of the four Gestalt principles: Figure and Ground, Law of Similarity, Law of
Proximity, Law of Continuity. Describe each of these in your own words. Then, based on the
module and the link to the graphic design website, choose one of these principles and describe
how this principle can be applied, such as to art, graphic design, or everyday life.
Figure and Ground: The figure is what we focus on when we look at picture and every other
thing becomes the background. A typical example would be when you focus on an image and
you are able to see a figure and if you look at the image from another direction, you tend to see
another figure
Law of similarity: This is a case where we put similar objects together. It is assumed that things
that look alike are actually alike. It may help us to work better but can also make cause
perceptual issues.
Law of continuity- Our brains make sense of connected objects rather than disconnected ones.
We expect people to stay the same every time we see them even though we understand that
change is constant.
Using Amazon logo as an example, The logo has an arrow which points from A to Z this could
help us understand that Amazon has got everything we may need from A to Z
[TEACHERS NOTE] 6 points for describing the principles and 4 points for application.
If a stimulus is very large, will the Just Noticeable Difference be large or small? large
large
Signal Detection Theory states that sensation depends on the_____________, the degree of
background simulation, and the current physical or psychological of the person receiving the
stimulus.
intensity of the stimulus
Rods and cones are examples of
photoreceptors
Diane is so used to the sounds of trains traveling back and forth near her house that she no
longer notices the sound. Which term from the module best describes this phenomenon?
Sensory Adaption
Regarding hearing, the softest level of sound that can be detected by the human ear is known
as the
absolute threshold.
Describe the process of transduction, as it occurs in the inner ear. (6 points)
When sound waves enter the inner ear, it strikes the tympanic membrane that has three little
bones called the hammer, the anvil and the stirrup due to their sizes. The sound waves keeps
moving to the snail like tube called the cochlea which is filled with fluid. The sound waves will
send vibrations through the fluid in the cochlea. There is a thin tissue in the cochlea called the
basilar membrane which converts the vibrations caused by the sound waves into electricity
through the stimulation of tiny hair cells. This impulse is then carried to the brain.
Of the following terms, which are psychological qualities rather than physical: Frequency,
Pitch, Amplitude, Loudness. (2 points)
Pitch and loudness.
Of the above terms (frequency, pitch, etc.), which are physical qualities rather than
psychological? (2 points)
Frequency and Amplitude
Which one of the following statements accurately represents the stability of an individual's
sexual orientation?
Sexual orientation remains fairly consistent throughout the average person's life
Which one of the following is an accurate characteristic of the mental health of homosexuals?
They are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression
Which of the following developmental stages spans from birth to one year?
Infancy
Which one of the following terms refers to culturally constructed distinctions between male
and female characteristics?
Gender
Which one of the following is the most accurate representation of the dynamic relationship of a
mother and her child?
Difficult children may illicit more negative parenting
The passage of physical and psychological traits through genes from parents to offspring is
called
Heredity
Which of the following statements describes how a drive differs from an incentive?
Drive is the state of tension that arises from an unmet need, while incentive is a specific reward
that motivates behavior
Which of the following is a characteristic of people high in the need of achievement?
They strive to do well anytime they are evaluated
The study of how and why human beings experience transformations in behavior that occur
during every stage of life from conception to death is known as
Developmental Psychology
Which of the following parts of the brain regulates emotional behaviors and basic biological
needs, including hunger, thirst, and the sex drive?
Hypothalamus
__________ is the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology,and
treatment.
Psychopathology
A condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors is known as
a______________.
Psychological disorder
Psychological disorders are tied closely to ________________. Meaning that
whilesymptoms like hallucinations are seen as a disorder, there are other places in the
worldwhere they are highly valued.
cultural expectations
Wakefield proposed an influential concept in which he defines psychological disorders as a
_______________.
harmful dysfunction
According to the APA what three things are required for a diagnosis of a disorder?
1. Significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
2. The disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental
dysfunction.
3. The disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one's life.
What is the current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders
(DSM)?
DSM-5
What are the categories describing each disorder in the DSM are?
a. Diagnostic features
b. Diagnostic criteria
c. Prevalence
d. Risk Factors
There are two major systems for the classification of mental disorders. The DSM is one and the
World Health Organization (WHO) publishes the
International Classification of Diseases
According to the text, what is the definition of diathesis?
Diathesis is a predisposition for a disorder.
The prevalence of all anxiety disorders appears to be
25-35%
__________________ is the most frequently occurring class of mental disorders.
Avoidant and schizoid personality disorders
__________________ involves excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a
specific object or situation
Anxiety Disorders
What are the three major learning pathways for acquiring a phobia?
a. Classical Conditioning
b. Vicarious Learning
c. Verbal transmission of information
________________ is characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety of social
situation in which the person could be evaluated negatively by others.
Social Anxiety Disorder
______________ percent of a sample of tested adults with social anxiety disorderreported a
history of teasing in childhood
92
________________ recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month
of persistent concerns about additional panic attacks
Panic Disorder
What is the percentage of the U.S. population that dies each year as a result of panic attacks?
0%
What are the three casual theories of Panic Disorder?
a. Neurobiological
b. Conditioning
c. Cognitive
_____________ is a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless
worry and apprehension.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
What are the three diagnostic criteria of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
a. The diffuse worrying and apprehension is not part of another disorder.
b. Symptoms occur more days than not for at least 6 months.
c. Symptoms are accompanied by any three of the following symptoms: Restlessness, difficulty
concentrating, being easily fatigued, muscle tension, irritability, and sleep difficulties.
_______________ involves thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted(obsession)
and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsion).
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
______________ is persistent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts and urges that
arehighly intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing
Obsessions
_____________ are repetitive and ritualistic acts, typically carried out primary as a means
to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or the likelihood of a feared event.
Compulsions
____________ involves a preoccupation with a perceived flaw in the individual'sphysical
appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
____________ involves great difficulty in discarding possessions, regardless of how
valueless/useless they are, usually resulting in an accumulation of items that clutter living or
work areas.
Hoarding Disorder
In what area of the brain is hoarding disorder thought to be localized?
Anterior Cingulate
In what area of the brain is body dysmorphia thought to be localized?
Prefrontal cortex
In what area of the brain is obsessive-compulsive disorder thought to be localized
OCD circuit
What are the two diagnostic criteria for diagnosing PTSD?
a. Individual was exposed to, witnessed, or experienced the details of a traumatic experience
("actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence")
b. Symptoms occur for at least one month.
What are the two mood disorders covered in the text and in class?
a. Depressive Disorder
b. Bipolar and Related Disorders
What are the four diagnostic criteria for diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder?
a. "Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day"
b. Loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities.
c. At least 5 symptoms for at least a two-week period.
d. Symptoms cause significant distress or impair normal functioning and are not caused by
substances or a medical condition
What are the three subtypes of depression?
a. Seasonal Pattern
b. Peripartum onset (postpartum depression)
c. Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
In bipolar disorder mood states fluctuate between ___________ and ___________.
depression; mania
List three of the symptoms of mania.
a. Excessively irritable
b. Easily distracted.
c. Engage in reckless behavior.
The neurotransmitter most closely associated with depression is _____________.
Serotonin
The neurotransmitter most closely associated with bipolar is _________________.
Dopamine
_______________ states that cognitive vulnerability + stressful life events lead to
depression.
Diathesis-Stress model
______________ contains themes of loss, failure, rejection, worthlessness, and inadequacy.
Depressive schemas
In the Hopelessness Theory of Depression ___________ and _________ lead to
depression
specific negative thinking style; sense of hopelessness
______________ is repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed
anddwelling on depressive symptoms.
Rumination
What is the percentage of individuals who complete suicide having at least one mental disorder
(most frequently a mood disorder)?
90%
What are the five major symptoms of schizophrenia?
a. Hallucinations
b. Delusions
c. Disorganized Thinking
d. Catatonic Behaviors
e. Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
What is the neurotransmitter most significantly associated with schizophrenia?
Prefrontal Cortex
_____________ is characterized by an individual becoming split off or dissociated, from
their core sense of self - memory and identity become disturbed.
Dissociative Disorder
What are the three Dissociative Disorders?
a. Dissociative Amnesia
b. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
c. Dissociative Identity Disorder
____________ is characterized by a pervasive and inflexible personality style that differs
markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture and causes distress or impairment.
Personality Disorder
What are the four cluster B personality disorders?
a. Antisocial personality disorder
b. Histrionic personality disorder
c. Narcissistic personality disorder
d. Borderline personality disorder
______________ is characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self
image,and mood, as well as marked impulsivity.
Borderline Personality Disorder
____________ is characterized by a complete lack of regard for other people's rights or
feelings.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Research has revealed two things about brain anatomy in relation to antisocial personality
disorder.
a. Less activation in brain regions involved in the experience of empathy and feeling concerned
for others.
b. Greater activation in a brain area involved in self-awareness, cognitive function and
interpersonal experience.
______________ is a constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsive
behavior that interferes with normal functioning.
ADHD
What is the neurotransmitter most significantly associated with ADHD?
Dopamine
What are the three symptoms of autism spectrum disorder?
a. Deficits in social interaction (e.g., do not make eye contact, turn head away when spoken to,
prefer playing alone).
b. Deficits in communication (e.g., one-word responses, difficulty maintaining conversation,
echoed speech, and problems using and understanding nonverbal cues).
c. Repetitive patterns of behavior or interests.
Clues to the important roles both nature and nurture play in development is seen in infants as
they begin to gain the ability to actively perceive the distance from themselves to objects in the
environment. This ability is also known as what term?
Depth perception
A preschooler who watches an adult empty a small pitcher of water into a glass believes that:
The poured volume increases or decreased depending on the appearance of the container
Adam is upset that his twin brother Ryan has two pieces of pie while he only has one. His Mom
rightly states that it's the same amount of pie it's just that Ryan's piece fell apart into two pieces
as it was transferred onto the plate. Still not satisfied, Adam begins to throw a temper tantrum.
In a moment of desperation, Adam's Mom cuts his piece in half saying: "There, Adam, now you
have two pieces!" This worked. Adam is now happy. What Piagetian Stage is Adam in?
Preoperational
Which of the following is a potential problem with Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
All are potential issues.
The idea that on the object permanence task, infants perform better when the waiting period is
shorter at just six months of age supports which of the following problems with Piaget's
theory?
Cognitive development is more continuous than Piaget thought
Piaget's stage theory can be described as which of the following?
Discontinuous and qualitative
What measure might a psychologist use to demonstrate that an infant does not know that his
teddy bear exists when it is removed from his field of vision?
The object permanence task
According to Piaget, the developmental processes that explain children's cognitive
development are measured by:
How children reason, with fundamental changes tin thinking occurring in each stage
The relation of nature to nurture is the same as the relation of _______.
genetics to environment
Farrah is in kindergarten and is learning about _____. To track her progress, her teacher
presents her with pairs of words and asks her which of them rhyme.
phonemic awareness
The ______ model describes how financial difficulties are associated with parents' depressed
moods, which can cause problems with a child's normal adjustment.
Family stress
Hector is a strict father who demands and expects obedience from his children. What is his
style of parenting known as?
authoritarian
When Rachel, a toddler, visits a neighbor's home with her mother, she explores the room
where the adults are sitting, but she will not leave the room. When her mother leaves to inspect
the garden, she gets agitated and later rushes to her immediately when mother returns.
Rachel's behavior demonstrates _____ attachment.
Secure
Julee's mom has noticed that her daughter has been especially good at resisting the cookies in
the kitchen so she doesn't spoil her dinner each night. Julee knows if she can wait until after
dinner she can eat two cookies. This successful experience of motivated self-regulation can also
be referred to as what?
effortful control
Nick and Brenda are attentive parents. They are encouraging and warm, yet they are firm with
boundaries, and make sure the rules of the home are clearly communicated. When their
children make mistakes, Nick and Brenda try to use the mistakes a learning experiences, even
when punishment is administered. What kind of parenting style is this?
Authoritative
Allison has been described by her parents, teachers, and friends as hyperactive. Therefore, her
parents try to modify her environment by taking her to the park and signing her up for sports
teams in order to fit her temperament. This is an example of which of the following:
Goodness of fit
One element that shapes personality is temperament, which is related to self-regulation and is:
biologically based
According to research referenced in your text, babies who are _____ tend to elicit more
sensitive and affectionate care from their parents compared with babies who lack these
attributes.
easygoing and attractive
Marcellus has an 8-year old daughter. He showers her with love and gifts and generally lets her
make her own decisions. Baumrind (2013) would suggest that Marcellus has a(n) ____
parenting style
Permissive
Which of the following is NOT a challenge associated with peer relationships during
childhood?
Poor conflict management
Lilly is trying different sports throughout the summer to determine which team she would like
to try out for in high school. Lilly would likely fall in which of Marcia's identity statuses?
Moratorium
Family adversity, abuse, and parental psychopathology are predictors of _____________
during adolescence.
Suicide
Risky behavior may be due, in part, to an underdeveloped part of the adolescent brain that
controls ________.
self-regulation
Researchers have suggested that certain genetic variations make adolescents more or less
susceptible to environmental influences. This is known as:
Differential susceptibility model
Beth's father often invalidates her feelings and pressures her to think in certain ways. What is
the term for parents' manipulation of adolescents' emotional and cognitive world?
psychological control
Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the creation of emerging adulthood as a
distinct life stage?
Starting careers at an earlier age
Erikson believed that individuals should strive to reach identity formation during adolescence.
This is similar to what stage in Marcia's identity theory?
identity achievement
Precious has several friends who look, act, and think in ways similar to her. This similarity is
known as ________.
homophily
The biological changes of puberty and the cognitive changes that occur during adolescence:
Are universal, occurring in all adolescents
What is one intrapersonal factor that affects adolescents' academic achievement?
intrinsic motivation
Global subjective well-being is highest during ______ and lowest in ______.
Early and later adulthood; middle adulthood
According to Carstensen, the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory explains what about older
adults and their social support?
Older adults restrict their social life to include emotionally close friends
Although older adults experience cognitive decline, they perform just as well as younger adults
on tasks that require expert knowledge because:
Their life experience compensates for slower processing speed
Which of the following personality traits has been found to predict important life outcomes,
such as job success, health, and longevity?
Conscientiousness
Opal has learned a lot about housing construction in her 20 years as a realtor. Recalling facts
about siding and insulation would be an example of Opal's _____ intelligence
crystallized
Gary is not fast when completing a vocabulary test but if given enough time can get nearly
100% on the test. While Gary's old age may influence his reaction time, his _______
intelligence is fully intact due to his large amount of life experience and knowledge.
crystallized
Instead of socializing with large groups of acquaintances, Nancy spends her time with a few
people with whom she is emotionally close. Choosing to keep a smaller social circle is in line
with the:
socioemotional selectivity theory
Joe and Morris have been friends for over 50 years. Now in their seventies, Joe still plays golf 3
times a week but Morris has physical limitations that prevent him from doing so. The
differences in the way that these men are aging reflects the concept of __________.
heterogeneity
Why is it that older adults tend to demonstrate worse performance on memory tasks that
involve recall when compared to younger individuals?
Recall tasks draw on working memory skills, which become less efficient as we age.
Research on cognitive abilities in late adulthood suggests that as we age,
fluid intelligence will decline and crystallized intelligence will remain steady.
Personality traits are defined as:
relatively enduring dispositions in behavior that characterize individuals across varying types
of situations
Hans Eysenck suggested that two traits are the most important traits of the Five-Factor Model.
More recently, Jeffrey Gray has suggested that these two traits are important because they are
related to fundamental reward and avoidance systems in the brain. Which two traits of the
Five-Factor Model are Eysenck and Gray referring to, and how do they map onto the reward
and avoidance systems?
Extroverts approach rewards while Neurotic individuals avoid punishment.
According to the Lexical Hypothesis, which of these traits do not "go together"?
Generous - Selfish
_____ means that similar behaviors or tendencies occur across different situations. This
explains why it is often easy to predict how a person will act in a given context.
Consistency
Factor analysis allowed personality theorists to:
analyze the correlations among traits and identify the most important ones
In the "person-situation debate" amongst psychologists, what was Walter Mischel's side of the
argument?
Traits are an illusion. People may not be consistent across situations and thus it would be
fruitful to study the distinct reactions in specific situations
Kyle has a reputation for being very calm during an emergency. He copes very well with stress
and is able to think clearly and make effective decisions. Which of the Big 5 factors of
personality would Kyle likely score low in?
Neuroticism
A person does not "have" or "not have" a personality trait but instead can possess varying
amounts of it. This is because personality traits reflect ____________________ rather
than distinct personality types.
continuous distributions
Adam tries to convince others to give him money for lunch, and one time he influenced his boss
into letting him have a promotion despite the other candidate being more qualified than he
was.
Machiavellian
Walter Mischel (1968, 2009) pointed out this apparent fact about the predictability of
individuals' behavior through personality tests
People's behavior varies greatly situation by situation, but tests can reveal their average
behavior across many situations.
Clint is a very confident person who tends to take charge when he has been assigned to a group
task. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Clint likely score high in?
extraversion
Personality refers to ______.
characteristic ways that people differ from one another
Which two traits of the Five-Factor Model does Eysenck consider the most important traits?
Extraversion and Neuroticism
The night before a midterm exam, Wayne is invited to a party by his friends. He decides not to
go to the party because doing well in the course is important to his career goals. Which of the
Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in?
Conscientiousness
Istvan is well liked by his friends because he is trusting, considerate, compassionate, loyal, and
easy to get along with. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Istvan likely score high
in?
agreeableness
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