NURS 5315/ NURS5315 Exam 1 – Advanced Pathophysiology
Guide | UTA (Latest 2026/2027 Update) 400 Verified
Questions & Answers | Grade A
2026/2027 | GR
... Show More
ADED A+ | 100% VERIFIED
Question:
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?
Answer
Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic
heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less protein synthesis, chromatin
destruction, damage mitochondria
Question:
How are free radicals produced?
Answer
1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
Question:
What is the body's defense against ROS?
Answer
Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
Question:
action potential
Answer
Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Question:
Threshold potential
Answer
Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential
Question:
Hypokalemia and action potentials
Answer
HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth
muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Question:
Hyperkalemia and action potentials
Answer
HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Question:
Hypocalcemia and action potentials
Answer
Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Question:
Hypercalcemia and action potentials
Answer
Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy,
depressed T waves
Question:
Atrophy
Answer
Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply,
nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function
and may lead to cellular death.
Question:
Atrophy examples
Answer
Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Question:
Hypertrophy
Answer
Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased
functional demand.
Question:
Hypertrophy examples
Answer
physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is
surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients / left ventricular
hypertrophy
Question:
Hyperplasia
Answer
Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of
mitosis (cell division).
Question:
Hyperplasia examples
Answer
1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia
and increased risk for endometrial cancer
Question:
Dysplasia
Answer
abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
Question:
Dysplasia examples
Answer
Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo treatment.
Question:
Metaplasia
Answer
Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced by another cell). Exposure to chronic stressors, injury or
irritation, like smoking or hydrochloric acid from heart burn
Question:
Metaplasia examples
Answer
Most common is change from columnar cells to squamous cells (chronic smokers).
Less common is change from squamous to columnar cells, like in Barrett Esophagus caused by heart burn.
Question:
Carcinoma in situ
Answer
Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity,
esophagus, and bronchus
Question:
Hypoxic injury
Answer
1. Decrease in oxygen in the air (high altitudes, asphyxiation, drowning)
2. Loss of hemoglobin function (hemorrhage or sickle cell anemia)
3. Decrease in production of red blood cells (anemia or leukemia)
4. Diseases of cardiopulmonary systems (ischemia, blood supply loss, arteriosclerosis)
Question:
Hypoxic injury clinical manifestations
Answer
1. Increased CK (muscle and heart)
2. Increased LDH (muscle, liver, lung, heart, RBC, brain)
3. Increased ALT and AST (liver)
4. Increased troponin (heart)
Question:
Reperfusion injury
Answer
Oxygen supply is restored to ischemic tissues. Triggers oxygen intermediates which causes cell membrane damage and
mitochondrial calcium overload.
Xanthine dehydrogenase --> xanthine oxidate. This makes large amounts of free radicals, superoxide, and hydrogen
peroxide. Causes cell membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload
Show Less
Google